Manifest Destiny
Chapter 9
1800-1850
Page 296
Migrating West
Section 1
• Obj: Describe development of Spanish Border
lands
• Define Manifest Destiny
• Describe the challenges of Westward
Migration
• American settlement West would continue
and by the 1840’s migrants were pouring over
the mountains into California and Oregon
A. Spanish Borderlands
• All of current southwest U.S. the Spanish
colony of New Mexico
• Established 1598
• By 1765, only 9,600 colonists
• Why?
• Isolated
• Indian Attacks
B. Apache & Comanche
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Natives booted from the Great Plains
Nomadic hunters
Horses and guns made them deadly
Raided Spanish settlements constantly
Spanish officials paid “protection fees”
• Peace allowed Spanish colony to grow to
40,000 by 1821
C. Buffer Territories
• Texas: Few settlers
– Buffer state to help protect silver mines of NM
• California
– Stop the encroachment of Russians
– Father Junipero Serra- established missions to
convert natives- 18,000 by 1821
– Few settlers, native converts died by thousands
– Less conflict because natives had no guns
D. Manifest Destiny
• Expansionist- favored territorial growth
• Manifest Destiny- belief that God had
ordained the American people to conquer NA
• LT taken
• Texas, California, New Mexico looking good
E. Mexican Independence
• Spain had discouraged interaction with
Americans
• 1821- revolution topples Spanish gov’t
• Mexico independent
• Santa Fe Trail- established as Americans and
Mexicans trade goods
F. Mountain Men
• Name given to men who trapped furs in and
around Rocky Mountains
• Would go out into the woods for years at a
time
• Meet at Rendezvous once a year to trade,
meet, and celebrate
• Ex. Jim Bridger- one of most famous. First
white man to see Great Salt Lake-1825
Jedediah Smith
• Smith, discovered the South Pass form the
Crow Indians
• Was a gentle pass that would allow wagon
trains to head to Oregon country
• Gained a great knowledge of Northwest
G. Oregon Trail
• 1842- John C. Fremont explores Northwest
and encouraged settlement
• 1840’s- thousands take the journey to Oregon
country
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDn_p5e
-KBQ
• Describe elements of the journey.
– 1 What was needed to make the journey
– 2 What were some hazards
–3
–4
–5
• Donner Party??
H. Mormons
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Leader Joseph Smith killed 1844
Brigham Young leads exodus to Utah
Called New Zion
Mormon trail- had to remain separated from
other travelers– Mormon- NS
– Oregon- SS
• 1850’s becomes U.S. territory
Texas and the Mexican American War
Section 2
• Obj: Explain how Texas won Independence
from Mexico
• Analyze the goals of President Polk
• Trace the causes and outcomes of the Mexican
American War
• As Americans streamed into Texas, conflicts
would arise as Texans pushed for
independence and then annexation
Independence
• Texans had agreed to declare Mexican citizenship
to live in Texas
• Suppose to become Catholic, ban slavery, and
obey Mexican Constitution
• Stephen F. Austin won’t let Texans break this deal
to become own nation
• Santa Anna becomes dictator
• Austin no longer feels the need to honor
agreement
• Texas declares independence in 1835- Lone Star
State
The Alamo
• Texans take Alamo in Oct. 1835
• William B. Travis with 150 men were suppose
to hold Alamo
• Famous men like Jim Bowie and Davey Crocket
also inside
• Feb. 1836, Santa Anna arrives with Army
– Red Flag- no prisoners
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dxGZhv4u8Y
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oueKEtP1pl8
minute 51
• Line in the sand- If you wish to stay here and
defend the Alamo, cross the line
• Asked to surrender, answered with cannon fire
• 13 day siege ends when Texans run out of ammo
and all 187 defenders were killed
• Santa Anna lost 1,800 men and united the Texans
against him- Remember the Alamo
• James W. Fannin and 400 Texans are attacked by
Santa Anna next
• They surrender
• 300 prisoners shot
• Further outraged Texans
Santa Anna Defeated
• Sam Houston in charge of what remained of
Texan army
• Flee to east Texas
• Battle of San Jacinto- catch the Mexican army
unprepared
• Santa Anna’s forces destroyed and Santa Anna
captured
• December 1836- Texas becomes independent
Intolerance
• Sam Houston become Texan prez
• Texas not annexed to U.S.- would imbalance
slave vs. free states
• Texans begin to act increasingly biased
towards Tejanos- Mexicans who fought with
Texans
• Many expelled to Mexico
President Polk and National Expansion
• Election of 1844- Henry Clay running against
James K. Polk
• Polk supported annexation of Texas and
Oregon
• Won election- very close
• Whigs would not want Texas- would cause war
with Mexico
Manifest Destiny
• Belief that U.S. destiny to reach from Atlantic
to Pacific
• Oregon territory- Northern border with
Canada in dispute
• Polk negotiated setting border at 49th parallel
Annexation of Texas
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Border between Texas and Mexico in dispute
Texans think Rio Grande River
Mexicans think Nueces River
Texas wants to be part of U.S.
Annexed in 1845
Guaranteed war with Mexico
Mexican War
• Polk sends general Zackary Taylor into
disputed territory
• Mexico treated it like invasion
• Attack Taylor’s forces
• Americans go to War with Mexico
• U.S. bigger, wealthier, and had better army
• Battle would proceed in three directions
Stephen Kearny
• Marches troops from Fort Leavenworth
through New Mexico to Santa Fe
• Takes city without firing a shot
• Moves further west to help take Los Angeles
John C Freemont
• Freemont marches to west to help take
California
• With 62 men, assisted American with Bear
Flag Revolt to overthrow Mexican gov’t
Invasion of Mexico
• Zackary Taylor marches south and takes Buena
vista and defeats Santa Anna
• General Winfield Scott sails south, takes Veracruz,
and marches inland to defeat Mexico city
• Chapultepec??
• Americans won every major battle
• Year and a half of fighting- U.S. victory
• U.S. spent 100 million and lost 17,000 soldiers
• Mexico lost 25,000 soldiers
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKNZfBOVgJA
minute 1:02
Section 3
Effects of Territory Expansion
• Obj: Explain the effects of the Mexican
American War on the U.S.
• Trace the causes and effects of California Gold
Rush
• Describe the political impact of California’s
application for statehood
• Manifest Destiny would once again bring
North/South relations to the brink
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Mexico forced to cede 1.2 million acres- 1/3 of
their country
• Rio Grande Southern Border
• Polk wanted more
Gadsden Purchase
• 1853, James Gadsden approaches president of
Mexico Santa Anna about buying land in
Southwest for railroad
• Santa Anna sells Gadsden purchase for 10
million
• Still U.S./Mexico border in South west
Wilmot Proviso
• Additional territory would once again bring up
issue of slavery
• Wilmot Proviso- wanted to ban slavery in any
lands won from Mexico
• Passed in House, Failed in Senate 15 straight
years. Why?
• Split Whigs and Democrats
– Along what lines
California: The World Rushes In
• Johann Sutter- bankrupt immigrant from
Switzerland
• Failed in St. Louis and Santa Fe, gets land
grand in California
• 1848- Contracts James Marshall to build mill
on South Fork of the American River
• Marshall discovers gold nugget
• Discovery would assure Sutter’s downfall
California Gold Rush
• Before discovery
– 9,000 Californios
– 4,000 foreigners including Americans
– 150,000 Indians
• Gold Rush of 1849- 49er’s would begin
streaming into California
• By 1850 93,000 non Indians
Gold Fever
• Quick riches attracted most to California
• However, most would not earn more than
“wages” in pursuit of gold
• Goods were high- more profitable to sell
goods to gold miners
• Boomtowns quickly turned to ghost towns as
miners moved from region to region
Mexicans and Chinese
• Many Chinese and Mexican immigrants tried
to work in the mines
• Began to face extreme racism from whites
• “Foreign” miners had to pay a tax
• Mexicans were there first
• Whites often cut off queues- pigtail-sign of
Chinese manhood
Effects of Gold Rush
• Between 1849-52- 240,000 people arrived in
California
• Native population would be wiped out by
disease or intentionally killed by whites
• Native population dropped from 150,000 to
30,0000 in twenty years
• California would join Union as a free state
• Would help lead to the outbreak of the Civil
War