Assiut University
Faculty of Pharmacy
PHARMACEUTICS
SOLUBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION PHENOMENA
For First year Pharmacy
By
Dr. Dina Fathalla Mohamed Mohamed
Lecturer of pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Department
SOLUBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION PHENOMENA
The solubility of a compound depends upon:
a) the physical and chemical properties of the solute and
the solvent, b) temp, c) pressure, d) pH of the soln, and e)
the state of subdivision of the solute.
Of the nine possible types of mixtures, based on the three
states of matter only gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, and
solids in liquids are of particular pharmaceutical
importance and will be considered in this chapter.
Definitions:
A saturated soln is one in which the solute is in equilibrium
with the solid phase (solute).
Solubility is defined in quantitative terms as the conc of
solute in a saturated soln at a certain temp, and in a
qualitative way, it may be defined as the spontaneous
interaction of two or more substances to form a
homogeneous molecular dispersion.
An unsaturated or subsaturated soln is one containing the
dissolved solute in a conc below that necessary for
complete saturation at a definite temp.
A supersaturated soln is one that contains more of the
dissolved solute than it would normally contain at a
definite temp, were the undissolved solute present.
Some salts such as sodium thiosulfate and sodium acetate
can be dissolved in large amounts at an elevated temp
and, upon cooling, fail to crystallize from the soln.
Such supersaturated solns can be converted to stable
saturated solns by:
1- seeding the soln with a crystal of solute,
2- vigorous agitation,
3- scratching the walls of the container.
Supersaturation occurs when the small nuclei of the solute
required for the initiation of crystal formation are more
soluble than larger crystals, making it difficult for the nuclei
to form and grow with resultant failure of crystallization.
Solubility Expressions:
The solubility of a drug may be expressed in a
number of ways:
The U.S. Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary list
the solubility of drugs as the number of milliliters of
solvent in which 1 gram of solute will dissolve.
For example, the solubility of boric acid is 1 g of
boric acid dissolves in 18 ml of water, in 18 ml of
alcohol, and in 4 ml of glycerin.
Solubility is also quantitatively expressed in terms of
molality, molarity, and percentage.
For substances whose solubilities are not definitely
known, the values are described in pharmaceutics
by the use of certain general terms, as given in
Table (1).
Table (1): Terms of Approximate Solubility
Term
Parts of solvent Required for 1 Part of
Solute
Very soluble
Less than 1 part
Freely soluble
1 to 1 0 parts
Soluble
10 to 30 parts
Sparingly soluble
30 to 100 parts
Slightly soluble
100 to 1000 parts
Very slightly soluble
1000 to 10,000 parts
Practically insoluble or insoluble
More than 10,000 parts
Solvent-Solute Interactions
The pharmacist knows that water is a good solvent for
salts, sugars, and similar compounds.
Mineral oil and benzene are often solvents for
substances that are normally only slightly soluble in
water.
There
empirical
findings
are summarized in the
statement: "like dissolves like".
Polar Solvents:
The solubility of a drug is due to the polarity of the
solvent, i.e., to its dipole moment.
Polar solvents dissolve ionic solutes and other polar
substances.
Accordingly, water mixes in all proportions with alcohol
and dissolves sugars and other polyhydroxy
compounds.
Hildebrand has shown, that a consideration of dipole
moments alone is not adequate to explain the
solubility of polar substances in water. because
The ability of the solute to form hydrogen bonds
with the solvent has a more effect than is the
polarity as reflected in a high dipole moment. For
example
Water dissolves phenols, alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, amines, and other oxygen and nitrogencontaining compounds that can form hydrogen
bonds with water.
The molecules of water in ice are joined together
by hydrogen bonds to yield a tetrahedral
structure.
Although some of the hydrogen bonds are broken
when ice melts, water still retains its ice like
structure in large measure at ordinary temp.
This quasi-crystalline structure is broken down when
water is mixed with another substance that is
capable of hydrogen bonding.
When ethyl alcohol and water are mixed, the
hydrogen bonds between the water
molecules are replaced partly by hydrogen
bonds between water and alcohol molecules.
In
addition
to
the
factors
already
enumerated, the solubility of a substance also
depends on structural features such as the
ratio of the polar to non-polar groups of the
molecule.
As the length of a non-polar chain of an
aliphatic alcohol increases, the solubility of
the compound in water decreases.
Straight
chain
monohydroxy
alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones, and acids with more than
four or five carbons cannot enter into the
hydrogen bonded structure of water and
hence are only slightly soluble.
When additional polar groups are
present in the molecule, as found in
propylene glycol, glycerin, and tartaric
acid, water solubility increases greatly.
Branching of the carbon chain reduces the
non-polar effect and leads to increased
water solubility.
Tertiary butyl alcohol is miscible in all
proportions with water, whereas n-butyl
alcohol dissolves to the extent of about 8
g/100 ml of water at 20°C.
In brief, polar solvents such as water act as
solvents according to the following
mechanisms:
a) Owing to their high dielectric constant, namely
about 80 for water, polar solvents reduce the force
of attraction between oppositely charged ions in
crystals such as sodium chloride.
Chloroform has a dielectric constant of 5 and
benzene of 2 hence, ionic compounds are
practically insoluble in these solvents.
b) Polar solvents break covalent bonds of
potentially strong electrolytes by acid-base
reactions since these solvents are amphiprotic.
For example, water brings about the ionization of
Hcl as follows:
Hcl + H2O →H3O+ + ClWeak organic acids are not ionized by water; their
partial solubility in water is attributed to the
hydrogen bond formation with water.
Phenols and carboxylic acids, are readily dissolved
in solutions of strong bases.
c) Finally, polar solvents are capable of
solvating molecules and ions through dipole
interaction forces, particularly hydrogen
bond formation, which leads to the solubility
of the compound.
The ion-dipole interaction between the
sodium salt of oleic acid and water may be
depicted as:
Non polar Solvents:
Non polar solvents are unable to reduce the
attraction between the ions of strong and weak
electrolytes because of the solvents have low
dielectric constants.
The solvents cannot break covalent bonds and
ionize weak electrolytes since they belong to the
group known as aprotic solvents and they cannot
form hydrogen bridges with non electrolytes.
So, ionic and polar solutes are not soluble or are
only slightly soluble in non polar solvents.
Non polar compounds can dissolve non polar
solutes with similar internal pressures through
induced dipole interactions.
The solute molecules are kept in soln by the weak
van der Waals-London type of forces.
Oils and fats dissolve in carbon tetrachloride,
benzene, and mineral oil.
Alkaloidal bases and fatty acids also dissolve in non
polar solvents.
Semipolar Solvents:
Semipolar solvents, such as ketones and
alcohols, can induce a certain degree of
polarity in non polar solvent molecules.
Semipolar compounds may act as
intermediate solvents to bring about
miscibility of polar and non polar liquids.
(definition)
Benzene, becomes soluble in alcohol.
Acetone increases the solubility of ether in
water.
Propylene glycol increase the mutual
solubility of water and peppermint oil and of
water and benzyl benzoate.
In short, solubility depends on chemical, electric,
and structural effects that lead to mutual
interactions between the solute and solvent.
Determination of solubility
The importance of determination of solubility is :
Not only to know solubilities in connection with
the preparation and dispensing of medicines.
but such information is necessary to effect
separation of substances in qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
Furthermore, the accurate determination of the
solubility of a substance is one of the best
methods for determining its purity.
The determination is usually
carried out by one of the
following methods:
1. Analytical Method:
Principal: excess of the finely
divided solid is agitated
continuously with the solvent
at the required temp until
equilibrium is attained. The
apparatus shown in fig.1 is
convenient and gives very
accurate results.
Fig. (1): Apparatus for
solubility determinations
Mechanism of working: Filter tube A, which is about 3
mm pore and end tube B is capillary tubing.
The lower bottle is charged with solute and solvent
and agitated in a thermostat until soln is complete,
up to 24 hours or more may be required for this.
The apparatus is then inverted in the thermostat to
allow the soln to filter through A into the empty bottle,
the expelled air being returned by tube B.
The bend in B prevents the transference of solid into
empty bottle.
The apparatus is removed from the thermostat and
the filtered saturated soln is analyzed.
In the determination of solubility of finely powdered
materials of low solubility a membrane filter (0.2 um) is
used.
R
The analysis of saturated soln is performed by
any suitable quantitative chemical or physical
analysis.
Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Pharmaceutical
solns
of
gases
include
hydrochloric acid, ammonia water, and
effervescent preparations containing carbon
dioxide that are dissolved and maintained in soln
under positive pressure.
Aerosol products in which the propellant is either
carbon dioxide or nitrogen, some of which is
dissolved under pressure, can also be considered
to fall under this classification.
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is the conc of the
dissolved gas when it is in equilibrium with some
of the pure gas above the soln. (definition)
The solubility depends primarily on the pressure,
temp, presence of salts, and chemical reactions
that the gas sometimes undergoes with the
solvent.
Effect of Pressure:
The pressure of a gas above the soln is an important
consideration in gaseous solutions since it changes
the solubility of the dissolved gas in equilibrium with
it.
The effect of the pressure on the solubility of a gas is
expressed by Henry's Law, which states that at
constant temp, the conc of dissolved gas is
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
above the soln at equilibrium.
If C2 is the conc of the dissolved gas in grams/liter of
solvent and p is the partial pressure in mmHg of the
undissolved gas above the soln, Henry's relationship
may be written as
C2 =σp
in which σ is a proportionality constant for the soln.
It is sometimes referred to as the solubility
coefficient.
Importance of Henry's law
in pharmacy:
Solubility of a gas increases directly as the
pressure of the gas in the soln is increased and
conversely, that the solubility of the gas
decreases so that sometimes the gas escapes
with violence when the pressure above the soln
is released.
This phenomenon is commonly recognized in
effervescent solutions when the stopper of the
container is removed.
Effect of Temp:
Temp also has a marked influence on the
solubility of a gas in a liquid.
As the temp increases, the solubility of most
gases decreases, owing to the greater
tendency of the gas to expand.
Salting Out:
Gases are often liberated from solns in which they
are dissolved by the introduction of an electrolyte
such as sodium chloride and sometimes by a nonelectrolyte such as sucrose.
This phenomenon is known as salting out.
The salting out effect may be demonstrated by
adding a small amount of salt to a carbonated
soln.
The resultant escape of gas is due to the attraction
of the salt ions or the highly polar non-electrolyte
for the water molecules, which reduces the density
of the aqueous environment adjacent to the gas
molecules.
Effect of Chemical Reaction:
Gases such as hydrogen chloride, ammonia,
and carbon dioxide show deviations as a
result of chemical reaction between the gas
and solvent, usually with a resultant increase
in solubility.
Accordingly, hydrogen chloride is about
10,000 times more soluble in water than in
oxygen.
Hcl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
Solubility of Liquids in Liquids:
Frequently two or more liquids are mixed together in
the preparation of pharmaceutical solns. examples
Alcohol is added to water to form hydroalcoholic
solns of various concs.
Volatile oils are mixed with water to form dilute solns
known as aromatic waters,
Volatile oils are added to alcohol to yield spirits and
elixirs.
Ether and alcohol are combined in collodions.
Ideal and Real Solutions:
According to Raoult's law, pi = pi0 Xi
The partial pressure pi of a component in a liquid
mixture at a definite temp is equal to the vapor
pressure in the pure state multiplied by the mole
fraction of the component in the soln.
The mixture is said to be ideal when both
components of a binary soln obey Raoult's law.
If one of the components shows a -ve deviation, the
other component must also show -ve deviation.
The corresponding statement can also be made for
+ve deviations from Raoult's law.
Negative deviations (where adhesive forces A-B>>
cohesive forces A-A or B-B) lead to increased
solubility and are associated with hydrogen
bonding between polar compounds.
Positive deviations, (where adhesive forces <<
cohesive forces) leading to decreased solubility,
resulting from association of the molecules of one of
the constituents to form double molecules (dimers)
or polymers of higher order.
The interaction of the solvent with the solute is
known as solvation.
When the vapor is assumed to be nearly
ideal, the internal pressure in cal/cm3 is
obtained by using the equation.
Pi = ∆Hv-RT/V
in which ∆HV is the heat of vaporization and
V is the molar volume of the liquid at temp T.
When the internal pressures ( it is the
attractive forces between molecules of one
constituent or cohesive forces of the
constituents of a mixture such as hexane
and water are quite different, partial
solubility results.
Polar liquids have high cohesive forces, i.e.,
large internal pressures, and they are
solvents only for compounds of similar
nature.
Liquid-liquid systems may be divided into two
categories according to the solubility of the
substances in one another:
(1) complete miscibility and
(2) partial miscibility.
The term miscibiltiy refers to the mutual solubilities of
the components in liquid-liquid systems.
Complete Miscibility:
Polar and semi-polar solvents, such as water and
alcohol, glycerin and alcohol, and alcohol and
acetone, are said to be completely miscible since
they mix in all proportions.
Non-polar solvents such as benzene and carbon
tetrachloride are also completely miscible.
Partial Miscibility:
When certain amounts of water and ether
or water and phenol are mixed, two liquid
layers are formed, each containing some of
the other liquid in the dissolved state.
The mutual solubilities of partially miscible
liquids are influenced by temperature.
In a system such as phenol and water, the
mutual solubilities of the two phases
increase with temp. until, the critical soln
temp. (or upper consolute temp.), the
compositions become identical.
At this temp., a homogeneous or single
phase system is formed.
In the case of some liquid pairs, (ex. Triethyl
amine in water) the solubility can increase
as the temp. is lowered, and the system will
exhibit a lower consolute temp., below
which the two members are soluble in all
proportions and above which two separate
layers form.
Another type, involving a few mixtures such
as nicotine and water shows both an upper
and a lower consolute temp. with an
intermediate temp. region in which the two
liquids are only partially miscible.
A final type exhibits no critical soln temp, the
pair, ethyl ether and water, has neither an
upper nor a lower consolute temp. and
shows partial miscibility over the entire temp.
range at which the mixture exists.
Influence of Foreign Substances:
The addition of a substance to a binary liquid
system produces a ternary system, i.e., one
having three components.
If the added material is soluble in only one of
the two components, the mutual solubility of
the liquid pair is decreased.
If the original binary mixture has an upper
critical solution temp., the temperature is
raised, if it has a lower consolute temp., it is
lowered by the addition of the third
component.
For example, if naphthalene is added to a
mixture of phenol and water, it dissolves only
in the phenol and raises the consolute temp.
If potassium chloride is added to a phenol-water
mixture, it dissolves only in water and raises the
consolute temp.
When the third substance is soluble in both of the
liquids to roughly the same extent, the mutual
solubility of the liquid pair is increased, an upper
critical solution temp. is lowered and a lower
critical solution temp. is raised.
Ex. The addition of succinic acid or sodium oleate
to a phenol-water system.
The increase in mutual solubility of two partially
miscible solvents by another agent is ordinarily
referred to as blending.
When the solubility in water of a non-polar liquid is
increased by a micelle forming surface active
agent, the phenomenon is called micellar
solubilization.
Solubility of Solids in Liquids:
Systems of solids in liquids are most
pharmaceutical solns.
Ideal solns:
The solubility of a solid in an ideal soln
depends on temp, melting point of the
solid, and molar heat of fusion ∆Hf, i.e.,
the heat absorbed when the solid melts.
The equation for an ideal solution of a solid
in a liquid is: (Vant Hoff)
- log X2i = ∆ Hf/2.303R (T0-T/ TT0)
(2)
in which X2i is the ideal solubility of the solute
expressed in mole fraction,
T0 is the melting point of the solid solute in
absolute degrees, and T is the absolute temp.
of the soln.
The superscript i in the symbol X2i refers to an
ideal soln, and the subscript 2 designates the
mole fraction of the solute.
At temp. above the melting point, the solute
is in the liquid state, and in an ideal soln, the
liquid solute is miscible in all proportions with
the solvent.
Therefore, equation (2) no longer applies
when T > T0.
The equation is also inadequate at temp.
considerably below the melting point where
∆Hf can no longer be used.
Example:
What is the solubility of naphthalene at 20°C
in an ideal soln? The melting point of
naphthalene is 80°C, and the molar heat of
fusion is 4500 cal/mole.
log X2i = - 4500/ 2.303x 1.987 (353-293/293x353)
X2i = 0.27
Non ideal solns:
The activity of a solute in a soln is expressed as the
conc. multiplied by the activity coefficient.
When the conc. is given in mole fraction, the
activity is expressed as
a2 = X2Ɣ2
(3)
in which Ɣ2 is known as the rational activity
coefficient.
Converting to logarithms, we have
log a2 = log X2 + log Ɣ2
(4)
In an ideal soln, a2 = X2i because Ɣ2 = 1 , and
accordingly the ideal solubility, equation, may be
expressed in terms of activity as
- log a2 = - log X2i = ∆ Hf/2.303RT (T0-T/T0)
 By
combining equations 3&4 the mole
fraction solubility of a solute in a non-ideal
soln, expressed in log form, becomes
- log Xi2 = ∆ Hf/2.303R (T0-T/TT0) + logƔ2 (5)
Therefore, the mole fraction solubility in
various solvents can be expressed as the
sum of two terms:
1- the solubility in an ideal soln and
2- the logarithm of the activity coefficient of
the solute.
 As a real soln becomes more ideal, Ɣ2
approaches unity, and equation (5) reduces
to equation (2).
Factors affecting the solubility of solid in liquid:
1- Effect of temp:
The effect of temp. on the solubility of some salts in
water is shown in (Fig. 2).
A rise in temp. increases the solubility of a solid that
absorbs heat (endothermic process) when it
dissolves.
This effect conforms with the Le Chatelier principle,
which states that a system tends to adjust itself in a
manner so as to counteract a stress such as an
increase of temp.
Conversely, if the soln process is exothermic, i.e., if
heat is evolved, the temp. of the soln rises and
solubility in decreases with an elevation of the
temp.
Most solids belong to the class of compounds that
absorb heat when they dissolve.
Sodium sulfate exists in the hydrate
form, Na2SO4. 10 H2O, up to a temp. of
about 32°C, the soln process (dissolution) is
endothermic, and solubility increases with
temp.
Above this point, the compound exists as
the anhydrous salt, Na2SO4, the dissolution is
exothermic, and solubility decreases with an
increase of temp.
Sodium chloride does not absorb or evolve
an appreciable amount of heat when it
dissolves in water, thus, its solubility is not
altered much by a change of temp., and
the heat of solution is approximately zero.
Temperature (˚C)
Fig. (2): The influence of temperature on the solubility of various salts.
2- Effect of complex formation:
The solubility of a solute in liquid may be
increased or decreased by the addition of a third
substance which forms an intermolecular
complex with the solute.
The solubility of the complex will determine the
apparent change in the solubility of the original
solute.
It has been shown that soluble and insoluble
complexes may be obtained by interactions
between various amides and 4-hydroxy-benzoic
acid, salicylic acid, chloramphenicol, and
phenol.
Mercuric iodide , not very soluble, so we need
the complex formation as an aid to the solubility
in the preparation of solution of mercuric iodide
(HgI2) by potassium iodide. Hg I2+ KI→K2(HgI4).
3- The Influence of Solvents on the
Solubility of Drugs:
Frequently a solute is more soluble in a
mixture of solvents than in one solvent
alone.
This phenomenon is known as
cosolvency, and the solvents that, in
combination, increase the solubility of
the solute are called cosolvents.
The
solubility
of
undissociated
phenobarbital in various solvents.
Approximately 1 g of phenobarbital is
soluble in 1000 ml of water, in 10 ml of
alcohol, in 40 ml of chloroform, and in 15 ml
of ether.
Solubility increase as increase in percent of
glycerin.
The solubility of phenobarbital in wateralcohol-glycerin mixtures is plotted on a
semilogarithm grid in (Fig. 3).
For example, at 22% alcohol, 40% glycerin,
and the remainder water (38%), 1.5% w/v of
Phenobarbital is dissolved.
Phenobarbital (%w/v)
Solubility of
Phenobarbital in water
0
20
40
60
80 100
Alcohol in solvent (%by volume)
Fig. (3): The solubility of Phenobarbital in a mixture of water, alcohol, and
glycerin. The vertical axis is a logarithmic scale representing the solubility
of Phenobarbital in g/100 ml
The Distribution of Solutes Between Immiscible Liquids:
Principal:
If a substance, which is soluble in both components of
a mixture of immiscible liquids, is dissolved in such a
mixture then, when equilibrium is attained at constant
temp., it is found that the solute is distributed between
the two liquids in such a way that the ratio of the
activities of the substance in each liquid is a constant.
This is known as the Nernst distribution law, which can
be expressed by equation:
aA/aB = constant
(6)
where aA and aB are the activities of the solute in
solvent A and B, respectively.
When the solns are dilute or when the solute behaves
ideally, the activities may be replaced by concs (CA
and CB)
CA/CB = K
(7)
Where the constant K is known as the distribution or
partition coefficient.
In the case of sparingly soluble substances, K is
approximately equal to the ratio of the solubility (SA
and SB) of the solute in each liquid, i.e.
SA/SB = K
(8)
In most systems solns are not ideal,
For example, if the solute exists as monomers in
solvent A and as dimers in solvent B, the distribution
coefficient is given by Eq.(9), in which the square
root of the concentration of the dimeric form is
used:
K= CA/√CB
(9)
In the dissociation into ions occurs in the aqueous
layers B of a mixture of immiscible liquids, then the
degree of dissociation (α) should be taken into
account as indicated by Eq.(l0)
K=CA/CB(1-α)
(10)
For example, a partition coefficient of 2 for a
solute distributed between oil and water may
also be expressed as a partition coefficient
between water and oils of 0.5.
Applications of Distribution Law:
1. Extraction:
Extraction of substances from one phase into
another is often used in 1- analytical and
organic chemistry and in 2- the removal of
active principles from crude drugs.
It is more efficient to divide the extracting
solvent into a number of smaller volumes that
are used in successive extraction rather than
to use the total amount of solvent in one
single process.
2. Partition Chromatography:
This is a technique used for the separation of components
in a mixture.
It depends on the difference in the distribution coefficients
of the components between two immiscible liquids or
between a liquid and a vapor phase.
One liquid is maintained stationary by adsorption on to an
inert solid support, (powdered solid or strips of a porous
material such as filter paper).
If a powder is used, then the separation is carried out in a
column packed with the powder and its adsorbed liquid
phase.
The other liquid or vapor is allowed to pass through the
column and, therefore, constitutes a mobile phase.
Components of a mixture introduced into the system will
become distributed between the mobile and stationary
phases in accordance with their partition coefficients,
and provided there is a difference between these
coefficients, the components will move at different rates
along the column and will eventually become separated.
3. Release of Drugs from Certain Dosage
Forms:
Some common dosage forms such as
suppositories and ointments are often
formulated in water immiscible bases.
The rate of release of medicaments from
these dosage forms into aqueous body
fluids or secretions will depend on several
factors.
One of the most important of these is the
partition coefficient of the medicament
between the base and the body fluid.
The effect of partition between water
immiscible bases and body fluids is also
made use of in the formulation of products
intended to provide a prolonged release of
drug.
4. Passage of Drugs Through Membranes:
The cell membrane is considered to behave as a
lipoidal barrier surrounding the cells.
One of the main routes of penetration of drugs into
cells therefore involves the partition of the
substances between these lipoidal layers and the
aqueous body fluids with which they are in contact.
The partition coefficient of the drug is important for:
1- Release of drug from dosage form.
2- Transport and distribution of drugs throughout the
body; e.g. the absorption of drugs from the
gastrointestinal tract,
3- Distribution of drugs between various tissues, and
4- Penetration of drugs to the sites where they can
exert their pharmacological activity.
5- The uptake of preservatives and other substances
by micro-organisms is also influenced by the
partition coefficient of the compound between the
cells and the surrounding aqueous phase.
5. Preservation of Emulsions and Creams:
Emulsions and creams are systems comprised of
two immiscible phases, one of which is
dispersed as globules throughout the other.
Micro-organism usually multiply in the aqueous
phase of this type of system, and preservatives
must therefore be capable of exerting their
activity in this phase.
However, most preservatives are usually soluble
in both oil and water and will be distributed
between these two phases in an emulsion and
cream.
This distribution will affect the conc of the
substance in the aqueous phase and should be
taken into account when deciding the overall
conc of preservative to be used in these
systems.
6. The Formulation of Solubilised System:
The use of compounds known as solubilizing
agents as a means of increasing the
apparent water solubility of organic
compounds
in
the
formulation
of
pharmaceutical preparations.
The process is known as solubilization and
may be regarded as a partition of the
organic compound between the interior of
the colloidal aggregates (micelles) formed
by the solubilizing agents and the
surrounding aqueous phase.
The activity of the solubilized compound is
related its concentration in the aqueous
phase, which depend on their partition
coefficient.