WARM UP – after EXAM
copy and answer the 3 questions below
Once you finish warm-up you can start your homework by reading
pages 272-285.
What are the ways that a nation
increases its territory?
What are some reasons countries
expand their borders?
What might be benefits or drawbacks of
expansion?
Expanding Markets and
Moving West
Chapter 9
Section 1
Market Economy
Samuel F. B. Morse
… _ .._.
(Known as Morse Code)
 Morse
began his
communication system using
10 miles of copper wire
 The government gave him
$30,000 to increase it to 40
miles
 The first message went
between Baltimore and DC
Industrialism
 During
the mid 1800s,
America went from being
primarily agricultural to more
industrial
 Workers left farms and
cottage industries to work in
mills, often textile mills
Farming
 Farmers
were more efficient
after they specialized, growing
only 1 or 2 crops (called
specialization)
Market Economy – Market Revolution
(19th century new way people acquired goods)
 People
now went to a market
to exchange their goods and
services
 They no longer needed to be
self-sufficient
 The open market allowed the
American economy to grow
Factors of Production
 Land
 Labor
 Capital
 Entrepreneurship
 Technology
A
market economy/capitalism
allows individuals to own all
the above
Entrepreneurial Spirit (comes from
the French word “entrepreneur” which means to undertake)
 Capitalism
– people control
the factors of production and
allow them to keep the profits
 Francis Cabot Lowell pooled
money with other investors to
open textile mills
Entrepreneurial Spirit
 Entrepreneurs
can make a lot
of money, but they assume all
of the risk
 Charles Goodyear died in debt
after developing rubber and
developed the process of
vulcanization.
 Risk does not always pay off
Other Inventions
 Elias
Howe - sewing machine
 I M Singer
- foot treadle
 Robert Fulton -steam boat
allowed for goods to be
transported upriver, against
the tides
Telegraph
 Using
a system of dots and
dashes,carrried across copper
wire, messages could be
tapped across the country
 Trains used the telegraph to
keep schedules and relay
updated prices
Canals
 Canals
were dug to connect
waterways
 Flatboats were pulled by
animals
 With the rise of railroads,
canals were soon replaced
 Erie Canal – Clinton’s Ditch
Trains….Trains…..
 Shipping
goods by train was
more expensive than by
wagon or flatboat, but speed
was the key
 Trains ran everyday and in
all seasons.
 Consumer prices fell
Farming in the Midwest
 The
Midwest was covered with
fertile soil
 John Deere’s steel plow allowed
animals to cultivate the soil
 Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical
reaper (usually shipped in parts) did the
harvesting of 5 men
Trains….Trains…..
 Canals,
roads and railroads
connected cities and regions
 Regional specialization
created goods for the market
 Most advances occurred in
the North
WARM UP – copy and answer:
1. What led to the rise of Capitalism?
2. Describe the impact of the market
revolution on potential customers
3. How did new products, communications
methods, and transportation methods help
the U.S. economy?
4. How did the transportation revolution bind
U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of
the world?
1. What led to the rise of Capitalism? Investors
were willing to risk their own money in new
industries, standing to earn huge profits if successful
2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on
potential customers. The cost of consumer goods
dropped, so more workers became consumers
3. How did new products, communications
methods, and transportation methods help the U.S.
economy? New products led to a growing number of
consumers. New methods of communication and
transportation made the operation of business more
efficient and profitable
4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S.
regions to one another and to the rest of the world?
Canals, railroads, and improved roads reduced the
price of shipping and the linked the country’s interior
to international ports like New York City.
Expanding Markets and
Moving West
Manifest Destiny
Chapter 9
Section 2
Thomas Jefferson
 In
1803, Jefferson purchased
the Louisiana Territory from
France, doubling the size of
America
 Forty years later, America
demanded more land
Manifest Destiny
 John
L. O’Sullivan coined the
term of manifest destiny as
our God-given right to own
all the land from the Arctic to
Latin America, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific
 Most Americans agreed
Heading West
 Farmers,
miners, trappers
and merchants headed west
of the Rockies
 Ports in the Oregon Territory
welcomed trade from China
and Japan
What about the Indians???
 By
the 1830s, almost all the
Indians had been killed or
moved west of the Miss R.
 Some joined white culture
 Some fought white settlers
 Some continued to move
Black Hawk War
 White
settlers wanted to push
the Indians out of the upper
Midwest
 A prophet told Black Hawk of a
prophesy where he would lead
the Indians to victory
 The Indians lost and were
moved west of the Miss R.
Middle Ground
 Land
between Indian and
White settlements was called
the middle ground
 As the Indians were pushed
west, the middle ground
moved west
 The middle ground kept
moving
Fort Laramie Treaty
 Indians
sometimes attacked
white settlers
 The Treaty of Fort Laramie,
1851, gave Indians control of
the Plains and the US agreed
to abide by the treaty and
make annual payments to the
Indians
Fort Laramie Treaty
 The
settlers continued to settle
on Indian land, destroy their
hunting grounds, kill off the
native buffalo and elk, and
trample the land.
 Subsequent treaties demanded
that the Indians move from
these lands
Trails West – Santa Fe Trail
 Many
trails began at
Independence, MO. ended
 Fearing Indian attacks, most
wagon trains banded together
 Traders exchanged goods for
gold, silver and fur with
Mexicans and returned home
Santa Fe
Trails West – Oregon Trail
(extended from Independence Missouri to Portland Oregon)
 Marcus
and Narcissa Whitman,
missionaries, told of the fertile
land in the Willamette Valley
 Hundreds of farmers settled
there, arriving by Conestoga
Trails West – Donner Party
 Not
every trip west was
successful
 The Reed-Donner party left
Independence in May and
attempted to take a short-cut
to catch up with the rest of the
group
Trails West – Donner Party
 They
did not make it across
the mountains before the
November snows
 By the time they were rescued,
only about half survived – by
eating the flesh of the dead
Trails West – Mormons
 The
Mormon religion was
established in 1846 by Joseph
Smith
 Mormons believe that the lost
tribes of Israel came to
America and blended with the
Native Americans
Trails West – Mormons
 They
also believed in polygamy
 For this, they faced
discrimination which forced
them to move from New York
to little-populated, Nauvoo, IL
 Smith and his brother were
killed by an angry mob
Trails West – Mormons
 The
Mormons, under Brigham
Young, moved west until they
settled in Salt Lake City
 They remained isolated until the
California gold rush
Oregon Territory
 The
territory took in all of
northwestern America.
 It was claimed by Britain and
America
 James K. Polk, an expansionist,
used the slogan, 54° 40’ or
Fight” in his presidential
campaign
Oregon Territory
 It
was more land than Polk
actually wanted and although he
was edging toward war with
Britain over his demand, there
was no way America could fight a
successful war with Britain while
fighting Mexico
 His bluff worked though
WARM UP – Review “Manifest Destiny” COPY
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the
United States?
2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.
3. What were the effects of the U.S. government
policies towards Native Americans in the mid
1800’s?
4. What difficulties were faced by families like the
Whitmans and the Hauns?
5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their
search for a new home?
1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United
States? Black Hawk believed he was destined to lead his
people in a rebellion against the U.S.
2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny. That U.S.
expansion in the West was inevitable
3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies
towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s? U.S.
government at first agreed to boundaries that protected
Native American territories, but later broke these
agreements and moved Native Americans to different lands
4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans
and the Hauns? Disease, death, fatigue and loneliness
5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search
for a new home? They were fleeing from religious
persecution
Expanding Markets and
Moving West
Expansion in Texas
Chapter 9
Section 3
Stephen Austin
Leads American cotton farmers - settled
in eastern Texas (between the Colorado
and Brazos rivers) where “no drunkard,
no gambler, no swearer, and no idler”
would be allowed
 To keep settlement orderly, Mexico
gave empresarios, land grants, to others
 Stephen Austin’s father received an
empresario but died before dividing his
land for settlement

Mexico – the early years
 The
earliest Spanish settlements
were missions and trading posts
 Their objective was to convert
the Indians to Catholicism
 After Mexico received their
independence from Spain, they
outlawed slavery in 1821
Mexico – building a country
 Independent
Mexico looked for
ways to increase their economy
 They eased trade restrictions
with the US
 They encouraged American
farmers to settle in Mexico to
protect the area from Indians
Mexico – the invasion
 The
empresarios allowed settlers
to buy cheap land
 They came by the thousands,
pledging to obey Mexican law
 No
slaves
 Speak Spanish
 Become Catholic
Mexico – the broken promises
 American
settlers did not
observe any of Mexico’s requests
 Soon the American population
surpassed the Tejano (native)
population
 Presidents John Q. Adams and
Andrew Jackson offered to buy
Texas from Mexico
Mexico – it’s mine, not yours
 Mexico
refused to sell
 Protestant, slaveholding, Englishspeaking settlers continued to
pour into Texas
 In 1830, Mexico closed its borders
but lacked the security to enforce
it
Mexico – Yankee, go home
 But
the Americans kept coming
 By 1836 there were more slaves in
Texas than Tejanos
 General Santa Anna took over the
Mexican government and declared
himself dictator
Mexico – they can’t do that
 Fearing
Santa Anna would enforce
Mexican law, the Americans
declared independence
 Santa Anna marched his army to
the Alamo in San Antonio,
destroyed the fort and killed all
the Americans inside
Alamo
Goliad
San
Jacinto
Mexico – the fat lady sings
 After
two Mexican victories at
the Alamo and Goliad,
American forces, led by Sam
Houston, defeated Santa Anna
at San Jacinto
 The Republic of Texas was
born
Mexico – got the short straw
 The
Tejanos, who fought with
the Americans against Santa
Anna, now faced discrimation
by the Americans
 Texas was denied statehood
because they wanted to enter
the Union as a slave state
Texas – finally a state
 James
K. Polk ran for
president in 1844 as an
expansionist
 His victory gave him a
mandate to admit Texas into
the Union
 They became a state in 1845
James K Polk
 Polk’s
ideas to expand America
do not end with Texas.
 He threatens war with Britain
over the Oregon Territory
 He sends troops into Mexico to
instigate a war – that Mexico
cannot win.
Expanding Markets and
Moving West
The War with Mexico
Chapter 9
Section 4
Election of 1844
A 3rd Party, the Liberty (anti-slavery)
Party pulled enough votes from Whig
Henry Clay to cause Clay to lose to Dark
Horse candidate, James K. Polk
Polk Urges War
 Polk
was elected promising to
expand the country
 He wasted no time
 He believed that a war with
Mexico would allow him to
claim AZ, NM and CA too
Buying Mexico?
 Gen.
Santa Anna was replaced
as Mexico’s president
 Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico
City to offer to buy land north
and west of the Rio Grande
 Mexican officials refused to see
him
Buying Mexico?
 Polk
sent Gen. Zachary Taylor
to invade Mexico, crossing the
Rio Grande
 When Mexico reacted to the
invasion, Polk
and Congress
declared war
Sectional Attitudes
 Although
most Americans
backed the idea of expansion,
not everyone was happy about
Polk’s aggressiveness
 Sectional differences arose
Sectional Attitudes
 The
North viewed expansion as
a way to increase slavery,
slaves states and add proslavery senators in Congress
 The South wanted the
additional farmland and
Congressional seats
WARM-UP
Chapter 10 – pages 302-303
Time Line Discussion – The time line covers events in the U.S. and the
world the decade before the Civil War.
What major acts of Congress are shown and when did they occur (there
are two)?
Which political party is formed at this time?
What wars were fought in this period (there are two)?
Who was the woman mentioned on the time line and what did she do?
What group of people achieved freedom?
War Begins
 Gen.
Taylor invades Mexico
through Texas
 Gen. Kearny invades Mexico in S.
California
 Gen. Fremont
invades Mexico
in N. California
War Ends
 California
fell and became the
Bear Flag Republic
 Generals Grant and Lee fought
in Mexico under Gen. Winfield
Scott
 Mexico fell after a failed
attempt to restore Santa Anna
Spoils of War
 Mexico
was forced to sign the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
 It gave the US the present-day
states of Utah, Arizona, NM,
and California
 Natives were promised some
freedoms
Token Payment to Mexico
 Pres.
Pierce signed the
Gadsden Purchase – giving
Mexico $10 million for land
that wasn’t for sale
 The new southern border is
how you see it today
California Gold
 Gold
was discovered at Sutter’s
Mill, outside San Francisco
 Gold fever hit miners around
the world
 The population of CA increased
to over 100,000 people
California Gold
 People
arrived from
America, China, Japan
and Europe
 Most settlers did not get
rich from gold, but many
merchants and farmers
found CA profitable
California’s Statehood
 California
immediately applied
for admission to the Union
 The South was outraged at the
thought of another free state
California’s Statehood
 California
became a state in
1850 under the Compromise of
1850