Emotions
and
Personalit
y
Section 04/09/07
What are emotions?
Feelings?
Seconds
Moods?
Hours
Time
Days
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
Emotional
invoking
Stimuli
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
Emotional
Reaction
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Theories of emotion
Reaction
Event
Interpret
physiological
response
James-Lange Theory
Emotion
Theories of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotion
Event
Reaction
Emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotion
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
Reaction
Emotion
Event
Interpret
the context
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
The emergent synthesis
Theories of emotion
Reaction
Emotion
Event
Interpretation
The emergent synthesis
Where do they come
from:
Culture and Language!!
Anthropologists
long argued that
emotions are
learned reactions
dictated by our
culture and
language.
Where do they come
from:
Schadenfreude(German):
Enjoyment of other
people’s misfortunes
Where do they come
from:
Schadenfreude(German):
Enjoyment of other
people’s misfortunes
Where do they come
from:
Schadenfreude:
Enjoyment of other
people’s misfortunes
Dependence,
Amae(Japanese): immature/simple, spoiled
Jung(Korean):
Attachment, affection
Where do they come
from:
Where do they come
from:
Are faces special?
Ekman
Ekman showed these pictures of posed
actors to people in 21 different
countries
Are faces special?
Ekman
What emotion are these people
experiencing?
Are faces special?
Ekman
Everyone agreed on these: Happiness,
Disgust, and Sadness
Are faces special?
Ekman
And most agreed on these: Surprise
(20/21)
Anger (19/21) and Fear (18/21)
Are faces special?
Ekman
Even people from a non literate culture with
little or no previous contact with other
societies identified with similar expressions
Are faces special?
• Demo: Emotions from facial expressions
• You will see a number of faces, for each
statement on your handout, pick the face
that most clearly depicts the reaction you
would expect in the situation described.
You can choose the same face more
than once.
Are faces special?
Are faces special?
• Results: Discussion
• Did specific faces tend to be associated
with the basic emotions?
• Which had less agreement? Why?
• Were the other situations associated with
particular faces?
Are faces special?
•Subject were directed to do two tasks while
heart rate, skin temperature, and other
autonomic measurements were monitored:
•1) Move facial muscles, with the help of a
coach, into the prototypical emotion faces
•2) Imagine emotional events corresponding
to the 6 emotion faces
Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983
Are faces special?
Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983
•Observed that Anger and
Fear significantly increased
heart rate in both tasks over
Happiness, Surprise or
Disgust
•Similar autonomic
responses to moving face
muscles and to reliving
emotional experience
Are faces special?
Demo: Trying out the facial feedback
hypothesis
Put on a happy face....
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Social
Referencing:
babies use
mothers
expression to
decide to go
across cliff
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Where in the brain?
The Limbic Lobe
Where in the brain?
Associated with fear
Where in the brain?
• Prefrontal Cortex:
• Emotional Memory
(Damasio 1994)
• Anticipation of emotional
events (Roberts et al
2004)
• Empathy (Beer et al
2003)
Personality
What is it?
Personality
Personality
Personality
Personality: an explicit theory about how tend
to act over time.
Personality
Personality: an explicit theory about how tend
to act over time.
Personality
• You will see 3 figures (A,B,C).
I will read
you statements about these three men
• Decide which of three men the statement
most likely applies to.
Personality
A
B
C
Personality
A
B
C
Implicit personality theory about body shape
and temperament
Personality
• If you wanted to describe
personality, or create a
taxonomy, where would
you begin?
Personality
Language!
• The idea was that the most
salient and important
personality characteristics
have been encoded in
language.
Personality
• Initial work by Allport and
Odburt(1936)compiled all of
the English terms in the
dictionary as a basis set.
• Subsequent work focused
on factoring these down to
a meaningful and universal
set of personality descriptors
Personality
• One of the most prominent
models is the “Big 5” which
measures 5 dimensions:
•
•
•
•
•
Openness (orginality, openmindedness)
Conscientiousness (control,
constraint)
Extraversion(energy, enthusiasm).
Agreeableness (affection, altruism)
Neuroticism (easily upset, stress)
Personality
• Social-Cognitive Theory
• A different approach to
personality based on
research done by Albert
Bandura.
• Three Main components (1)
Observational learning (2)
locus of control (3) recipricol
determinism
Personality
• Observational learning: The
bobo doll experiment
• Children watched a video of
adults beating up a doll
• When allowed to play with
the doll on their own, those
that observed the adult
beating the doll, did so as
well
Personality
• Observational learning: The
Sockeroo!
bobo doll experiment
• Children watched a video of
adults beating up a doll
• When allowed to play with
the doll on their own, those
that observed the adult
beating the doll, did so as
well
Personality
• Observational learning: The
bobo doll experiment
•
Children watched a video of
Yeah!
adults beating up a doll
Sockeroo!
oooo!
When allowed to play with
•
the doll on their own, those
that observed the adult
beating the doll, did so as
well
Personality
• 80% of the kids
repeat the
behavior
• 40% will continue
to do so, even 8
months later
(Isom 1998)
Personality
• Reciprocal determinism: The environment affects
us, but we can have an impact on the
environment and ourselves too!
• Opposed to the direct learning theories of
behaviorism
Personality
• Locus of control
• Am I in control of my
environment or does the
environment control me?
• Explains motivation
Personality
• On the handout are a series of situations that
can happen to people. There are two
alternative explanations for why each situation
occurred.
• Imagine each situation happening to you (even
if it would never happen).
• Decide which alternative, A or B, you prefer.
Personality
• Score 1 point for answer A on items 1,4,7,13,15,
and 17, and 0 for answer B.
• Score 1 point for answer B on each item
2,5,8,9,12 and 18. Score a 0 for answer A on
these items.
• 3,6,10,11,14, and 16 were items used to
evaluate social desirability: answer A in items
3,11,14,16 were associated with a need to be
perceived positively by others, and used to
camouflage the other questions
How does it develop?
• Psychodynamic Theory
• Freud proposed that the
personality is made up of
three main constructs:
• Id, Ego, and the Superego
How does it develop?
• The id
• Like a screaming baby.
The part of the personality
that operates on the
pleasure principle
• The drives and desires
that center around
satisfying needs and
wants
How does it develop?
• The Superego
• The expectations of
proper behavior.
Exemplified by parents
and authority figures
• Acts as our conscious,
and “punishes” the
personality for thoughts
that are “bad”
How does it develop?
• The Ego
• The conscious self
• Operates on the reality
principle
How does it develop?
• Personality develops as the
ego tries to satisfy the id,
and at the same time,
attempts to keep the
superego from punishing it.
• Development is an interplay
between the three
components
How does it develop?
• The id has two main drives:
The Sex and Death instincts
• For Freud, these were
implicit, buried deep in the
personality, and NOT
consciously knowable. Like a
seething, bubbling cauldron
wanting to explode!
• The Ego’s job was to keep the
lid on!
How does it develop?
• What is wrong with Freud’s
theory?
• Testability
• Reliability of the data the
theory is based on.
How does it develop?
• Humanistic Psychology
• Developed out of clinical
practice and experience.
• Postulated that the selfCarl Rogers
concept (or how we see
and believe others see us)
was an important
motivating force in
developing the personality
How does it develop?
•Only one personality drive:
self actualizing principle.
• Pushes us to more fully
engage in the world and live
the “good life:” one rich in new
open new experiences.
Carl Rogers
•Some similarities with the
ideas in Maslow’s Hierarchy
How does it develop?
•Self-actualization was driven by
Organismic Valuing, or the idea that
experience and evolution provided every
organism with an ability to know what
was good for it
•Society led us astray by creating
conditions of worth: specific conditions
which we must fulfill to be considered
human beings.
Carl Rogers
•Ex. Slavery, Political/Job Hierarchy,
Salary
•Unconditional Positive regard
How does it develop?
•
Carl Rogers
"Experience is, for me, the highest authority.
The touchstone of validity is my own
experience. No other person's ideas, and none
of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my
experience. It is to experience that I must return
again and again, to discover a closer
approximation to truth as it is in the process of
becoming in me. Neither the Bible nor the
prophets -- neither Freud nor research --neither
the revelations of God nor man -- can take
precedence over my own direct experience. My
experience is not authoritative because it is
infallible. It is the basis of authority because it
can always be checked in new primary ways. In
this way its frequent error or fallibility is always
open to correction."
--From On Becoming a Person, 1961
Are faces special?
• muscles control
facial expression
• Inerverated by
two different
nerve systems:
voluntary and
involuntary
Are faces special?
Innate emotions?
Lab reared monkeys
are not particularly
bothered by snakes
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Innate emotions?
Wild monkeys, however
are a different matter..
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Innate emotions?
eek! eek! eek!
a snake.
Bongo afraid.
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Innate emotions?
An interesting thing
happens if a lab reared
monkey observes a
wild monkey’s fear
reaction to a snake
eek! eek! eek!
a snake.
Bongo afraid.
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Innate emotions?
He will now
also exhibit fear
reactions to
snakes
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Innate emotions?
Will even work
with toy snakes
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Innate emotions?
But will not work
with non-snakes,
even if the lab
reared monkey
observes identical
fear behavior to a
non snake stimuli
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985