3
Data Resource
Management
1
3
Learning Objectives
• Explain the importance of
implementing data resource
management processes and
technologies in an organization.
• Understand the advantages of a
database management approach
to managing the data resources of
a business.
2
3 Learning Objectives (continued)
• Explain how database management
software helps business professionals
and supports the operations and
management of a business.
• Illustrate each of the following concepts:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Major types of databases
Data warehouses and data mining
Logical data elements
Fundamental database structures
Database access methods
Database development
3
3
Section I
• Managing Data Resources
4
3 Data Resource Management
• A managerial activity
• Applies information systems
technology to managing data
resources to meet needs of
business stakeholders.
5
3 Foundation Data Concepts
• Logical Data Elements
6
3
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
• Levels of data
– Character
• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other
symbol
– Field
• Groupings of characters
• Represents an attribute of some entity
7
3
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
– Records
• Related fields of data
• Collection of attributes that describe an
entity
• Fixed-length or variable-length
8
3
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
– Files (table)
• A group of related records
• Classified by
– Primary use
– Type of data
– permanence
9
3
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
– Database
• Integrated collection of logically related
data elements
• Consolidates records into a common pool
of data elements
• Data is independent of the application
program using them and type of storage
device
10
3
Types of Databases
• Operational
– Supports business processes and
operations
– Also called subject-area databases,
transaction databases, and
production databases
11
3 Types of Databases (continued)
• Distributed
– Replicated and distributed copies or
parts of databases on network
servers at a variety of sites.
– Done to improve database
performance and security
12
3 Types of Databases (continued)
• External
– Available for a fee from commercial
sources or with or without charge on
the Internet or World Wide Web
• Hypermedia
– Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
13
3 Data Warehouses and Data Mining
• Data warehouse
– Stores data extracted from
operational, external, or other
databases of an organization
– Central source of “structured” data
– May be subdivided into data marts
14
3
Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)
• Data mining
– A major use of data warehouse
databases
– Data is analyzed to reveal hidden
correlations, patterns, and trends
15
3 Database Management Approach
• Consolidates data records and
objects into databases that can be
accessed by many different
application programs
16
3
Database Management Approach (continued)
• Database Management System
– Software interface between users and
databases
– Controls creation, maintenance, and
use of the database
17
3
Database Management Approach (continued)
18
3
Database Management Approach (continued)
• Database Interrogation
– Query
• Supports ad hoc requests
• Tells the software how you want to
organize the data
• SQL queries
• Graphical (GUI) & natural queries
19
3
Database Management Approach (continued)
– Report Generator
• Turns results of query into a useable
report
• Database Maintenance
– Updating and correcting data
20
3
Database Management Approach (continued)
• Application Development
– Data manipulation language
– Data entry screens, forms, reports, or
web pages
21
3
Implementing Data Resource Management
• Database Administration
– Develop and maintain the data
dictionary
– Design and monitor performance of
databases
– Enforce database use and security
standards
22
3
Implementing Data Resource Management
(continued)
• Data Planning
– Corporate planning and analysis
function
– Developing the overall data
architecture
23
3
Implementing Data Resource Management
(continued)
• Data Administration
– Standardize collection, storage, and
dissemination of data to end users
– Focused on supporting business
processes and strategic business
objectives
– May include developing policy and
setting standards
24
3
Implementing Data Resource Management
(continued)
• Challenges
– Technologically complex
– Vast amounts of data
– Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and
failures
25
3
Section II
• Technical Foundations of
Database Management
26
3
Database Structures
• Hierarchical
– Treelike
– One-to-many relationship
– Used for structured, routine types of
transaction processing
27
3
Database Structures (continued)
• Network
– More complex
– Many-to-many relationship
– More flexible but doesn’t support ad
hoc requests well
28
3
Database Structures (continued)
• Relational
– Data elements stored in simple tables
– Can link data elements from various
tables
– Very supportive of ad hoc requests
but slower at processing large
amounts of data than hierarchical or
network models
29
3
Database Structures (continued)
• Multi-Dimensional
– A variation of the relational model
– Cubes of data and cubes within cubes
– Popular for online analytical
processing (OLAP) applications
30
3
Database Structures (continued)
31
3
Database Structures (continued)
• Object-oriented
– Key technology of multimedia webbased applications
– Good for complex, high-volume
applications
32
3
Database Structures (continued)
33
3
Accessing Databases
• Key fields (primary key)
– A field unique to each record so it can
be distinguished from all other records
in a table
34
3
Accessing Databases (continued)
• Sequential access
– Data is stored and accessed in a
sequence according to a key field
– Good for periodic processing of a large
volume of data, but updating with new
transactions can be troublesome
35
3 Accessing Databases (continued)
• Direct access
– Methods
• Key transformation
• Index
• Indexed sequential access
36
3
Database Development
• Data dictionary
– Directory containing metadata (data
about data)
•
•
•
•
•
Structure
Data elements
Interrelationships
Information regarding access and use
Maintenance & security issues
37
3
Database Development (continued)
• Data Planning & Database Design
– Planning & Design Process
• Enterprise model
• Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)
• Data modeling
– Develop logical framework for the physical
design
38
3
Discussion Questions
• How should an e-business enterprise
store, access, and distribute data &
information about their internal operations
& external environment?
• What roles do database management,
data administration, and data planning
play in managing data as a business
resource?
39
3
Discussion Questions (continued)
• What are the advantages of a
database management approach to
organizing, accessing, and managing
an organization’s data resources?
• What is the role of a database
management system in an ebusiness information system?
40
3
Discussion Questions (continued)
• Databases of information about a firm’s
internal operations were formerly the only
databases that were considered to be
important to a business. What other
kinds of databases are important for a
business today?
• What are the benefits and limitations of
the relational database model for
business applications?
41
3
Discussion Questions (continued)
• Why is the object-oriented database
model gaining acceptance for
developing applications and managing
the hypermedia databases at business
websites?
• How have the Internet, intranets,
extranets, and the World Wide Web
affected the types and uses of data
resources available to business end
users?
42
3
References
• James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas.
Management Information Systems:
Managing Information Technology in the
Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston:
McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004
43