Calista Dyah Amalia
Eni Fatihatun khasanah
Annisa Nur Rahmatika
Ananda Kumba Bhakti
Febi Rachmadewi
Agung Priambodo
13/345256/SP/25526
12/328720/SP/25095
13/349888/SP/25868
13/348439/SP/25778
12/328768/SP/25143
13/349980/SP/25909
Referensi

 Sugimoto, Y., An Introduction to Japanese Society Third Edition, Cambridge University
Press, New York, 2010.
 Hendry, J., Understanding Japanese Society Second Edition, Routledge, New York, 1995.
 Fukuoka, Y. & Tsujiyama, Y. (translation: Russel, J.G.), ‘MINTOHREN:
Young Koreans Against Ethnic Discrimination in Japan,’ The Bulletin of Chiba College of
Health Science, vol.10, no.2, 1992, pp. 147–62.
 Fukuoka, Y., Lives of Young Koreans in Japan, Trans Pacific Press, Melbourne, 2000, pp.
42-60.
 The Immigration Bureau of Japan
I. Japanese Ethnocentrism and
Globalization

 Japan has a uniquely homogeneous society both racially and ethnically and it’s
define as the mono-ethnic Japanese society.
 Japanese society has a doctrine of wakon y¯osai (Japanese spirit and Western
technology) which assumes that the spiritual, moral, and cultural life of the
Japanese should not be corrupted by foreign influences.
 But globalization have been made Japan society to more tolerant and free from
bigotry. Contemporary Japanese society is caught between the contradictory
forces of narrow ethnocentrism and open internationalization.
 On 2009 Japan’s Institute of Statistical Mathematics made a survey with a
research question: “Do you think the Japanese are superior or inferior to
Westerners?” and the generally result is told that Japanese society is superior
to Westerners, but in each era has a different perceptions about Westerners.
II. Deconstructing the ‘Japanese’

 Japan has a variety of minority issues, ethnic and otherwise. Some 5% of
the Japanese population can be classified as members of minority
groups. The minority issues are the ura and uchi realities of
contemporary Japanese society.
 Minority groups in Japan are Burakumin, Resident Koreans Ainu, and
Foreign workers.
These minority groups bring to the fore the fundamental question of
who the Japanese (Nihonjin) really are.
 There are 7 aspects of Japaneseness: nationality, ethnic language
competence, place of birth, current residence, subjective identity, and
level of cultural literacy.


 Tanabe classifies all respondents in terms of the extent to which:
(1) They are inclusive or exclusive in defining who the Japanese are
(2) They are proud of Japan politically
(3) They are proud of Japanese culture
(4) They are prone to accept foreigners into Japan
Table 7.5 shows that contemporary Japanese form four clusters with
respect to their national identities.
Permasalahan Buraku

Istilah Buraku berarti sebuah dusun kecil, atau kelompok masyarakat desa.
Penduduk dusun Buraku disebut Burakumin.
Rezim Feodal Tokugawa : Pengklasifikasian penduduk berdasarkan sistem
kelas.
• Ada 4 sistem kelas dalam pengklasifikasian penduduk tersebut, yaitu :
- Tingkatan pertama yaitu ksatria (samurai-warriors)
- Tingkatan kedua yaitu petani
- Tingkatan ketiga yaitu pengrajin
- Tingkatan keempat yaitu pedagang
• Tetapi, sistem kelas tersebut tidak berlaku untuk penduduk yang tergolong
Burakumin. Mereka ditempatkan diluar tingkatan tersebut atau ditempatkan di
lingkungan terpisah.
•
•
•
•
Permasalahan Buraku

Ada dua jenis orang “buangan” dalam kelompok masyarakat, yaitu :
1. Eta, secara harfiah berarti cukup kotor atau sangat kotor.
Terdiri dari beberapa kelompok: pekerja di industri kulit, termasuk orangorang yang menyembelih hewan dan orang-orang yang memproduksi
kerajinan kulit; pengrajin berpangkat rendah, seperti tukang celup, pengrajin
bambu dan logam; pekerja transportasi, termasuk pelaut; buruh Kuil dan
Candi; pekerja irigasi dan penjaga bidang pertanian
2. Hinin, secara harfiah berarti orang-orang yang bukan manusia.
Terdiri dari penghibur, pengemis, algojo, dan sebagainya. Dipandang lebih
rendah daripada kaum Eta, orang-orang dalam kategori Hinin diizinkan untuk
naik ke status tidak terbuang (dalam keadaan terbatas), sedangkan yang
berada dalam kategori eta itu tidak
Permasalahan Buraku

Diskriminasi terhadap kaum Burakumin : dalam pernikahan, ketenagakerjaan,
pendidikan dan beberapa sektor lainnya.
• Pada tahun 1969, Pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang Anti
Diskriminasi. Hal tersebut merupakan upaya untuk melawan diskriminasi
terhadap kaum Buraku. Undang-undang ini menjamin bahwa Pemerintah
memberikan dukungan keuangan bagi pembangunan yang akan
meningkatkan kondisi ekonomi, perumahan dan pendidikan kaum Burakumin.
• Organisasi Buraku, bernama Suiheisha (1922). Organisasi tersebut berkomitmen
pada kesetaraan hak manusia. Organisasi ini sempat dibubarkan pada saat
Perang Dunia II, dan dihidupkan kembali menjadi Buraku Kaiho Domei (the
Buraku Liberation League).
•
IV Korean Residents

 Penduduk Korea dibawa ke Jepang pasca kolonialisasi Jepang (1910)
sebagai buruh murah untuk tambang, konstruksi, dan pembuatan
kapal.
 Penduduk Korea disebut sebagai zainichi Korean. Terbagi menjadi 2:
Mindan (South-oriented) dan Chongryun (North-affiliated).
 Mengalami diskriminasi dalam hal pekerjaan dan perumahan.
Munculnya Mintohren.
 Persoalan kewarganegaraan, nama, pernikahan, ekonomi, dan
pendidikan.
Four identity types of Korean youth in Japan
(Fukuoka Yasunori)

IV Korean Residents

 Menurut the Immigration Bureau of Japan, pada 2010 terdapat 565.989 zainichi Korean (tidak
termasuk naturalized Japanese citizens).
 Permasalahan identitas.
 Perbedaan pandangan antara Mindan dan Chongryun.
 Afiliasi Chongryun dan Korea Utara  mendapat banyak kecaman di Jepang karena persoalan
pendanaan ilegal, persoalan nuklir, penculikan WN Jepang pada periode 1977-83.
Indigeneous Ainu

 The Ainu race, the indigeneous population of northern Japan, now comprises
24.000 persons and 7.000 households living mainly in Hokkaido.
 For more than ten centuries, they’ve suffered a series of attemps by Japan’s
central government to invade and deprive them of their land, and (to totally)
assimilate them culturally and linguistically.
 Under pressure, the Japanese government and parliament formally recognized
the Ainu as an indigeneous people of Japan in 2008.
 Immediately after the Meiji Restoration, the Tokyo government took steps to
designate Hokkaido as ‘ownerless land’, confiscated the Ainu land, and
established a governmental Land Development Bureau.
 Until recently, the national government regarded the Ainu as an
underdeveloped and uncivilized race, took a high-handed assimilation policy,
and demolished much of the Ainu traditional culture.
 The Sapporo District Court ruled in favor of the Ainu in 1997 and
recognized their indigeneous rights.
 Occupationally, many Ainu work in primary industry or the
construction industry, with a considerable number being employed as
casual day laborers.
 Sharing a plight common to aboriginal people subjected to the
commercial forces of the industrialized world, Ainu have often been
portrayed as leading exotic lives and made showpieces for the tourism
industry.

 The Ainu community is increasingly cautious about the exploitation of
the curiousity value of their arts and crafts.
 Nonetheless, the fact remains that Ainu culture differs in many respects
from the culture of the majority of Japanese, bearing further testimony
to the diversity of Japanese ways of life.
 The continuance of discrimination and prejudice against Ainu
prompted the Hokkaido Ainu Association to alter its name to the
Hokkaido Utari Association to avoid the negative image of the Ainu
label.
 After, in 1977, the Japanese parliament put into effect a new law
governing the Ainu population into effect, to ‘promote Ainu culture and
disseminate knowledge about the Ainu tradition’.
 This historic charter urged the Japanese public to recognize the
existence of the Ainu ethnic community and its distinctive culture
within Japan.

Immigrant Workers from
Overseas

 Foreigners resident in Japan increased dramatically in the 1980s and early
1990s.
 An influx of workers from the Philippines, China, Brazil, Peru, Thailand, and
other developing countries boosted the total number of foreign residents in
Japan to nearly 2.22 million at the beginning of 2009, approximately 1,74
percent of the total population.
 This situation has produced a significant diversification in the composition of
the foreign population, with new migrants forming the fourth minority group
in Japan.
 Approximately half of them are employed as production process workers and
laborers, most of whom are Latin American and Asian.
 More than 10% work as professional and technical workers, many of whom are
North American and British.
 The overwhelming majority of employers who hire foreign workers are
themselves on the bottom rung of the subcontracting pyramid in
construction and manufacturing, or are in the most financially shaky
sectors of the service industry.
 The ‘new-comer’ migrants do not form a monolithic block, many ‘selfactualization’ types exist alongside the stereotyped ‘money-seekers’.
 There also the undocumented foreign workers, which should face
numerous institutional and cultural barriers.
 These workers have difficulty in accessing legal means, and the
tightened police control has compelled some of them to go
‘underground’ and enabled Japan’s criminal and semi-criminal
elements to manipulate them more easily.
 The media tend to play up crimes committed by foreigners, fueling
xenophobic apprehensions in the community.

 Two stances compete regarding the ways in which Japan should accept
non-Japanese as part of the nation.
 One position contends that the country should admit only skilled
workers, already well educated and well trained in their home
countries.
 The opposing position, which argues for the acceptance of unskilled
workers, is partly based on the pragmatic consideration that the
Japanese economy simply cannot survive without unskilled foreign
workers filling the lowest segment of the nation’s labor force.
 The grass-roots community attitudes to foreign residents in Japan are
varied and diverse.
 Many studies point out that Japanese nationals residing in areas in
which foreigners live in large numbers tend to take a positive view
towards them.
 Conversely, Japanese who have less contact with foreign residents are
likely to be more prejudicial and intolerant.


 Research has also shown that the blue-collar workers and low income
earners are likely to believe that Japanese society should remain
monocultural and believe that there is neither race-based nor
nationality-based inequality.
 In contrast, multiculturalists who feel that Japan should accept foreign
residents and believe that ethnic inequality is prevalent in Japan are
well educated and white-collar and occupy relatively high socioeconomic position in Japanese society.
 They take an open-minded, egalitarian, and progressive stance, while
enjoying a comfortable standing as the ‘victors’ of status competition.
VII Problems and Pitfalls

 Pasca Perang Dunia II, masyarakat Jepang semakin berupaya untuk
masuk ke dalam masyarakat Internasional dan lebih berpola pikir
global, termasuk kelompok-kelompok minoritas yang ada
 Hingga tahun 1995 Jepang sendiri belum meratifikasi the International
Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
 Masalah lain yang harus dihadapi oleh kaum minoritas ini ialah
permasalahan untuk mempertahankan budaya mereka
VIII Japan Beyond Japan

1. Pebisnis Jepang dan keluarganya yang hidup di luar Jepang untuk
mengatur operasi perusahaan Jepang di luar negeri namun masih
berada di bawah pengawasan kantor pusat di Jepang
2. Warga negara Jepang yang memilih untuk tinggal di luar negeri secara
semi permanen.
3. Warga negara asing yang tinggal di luar Jepang namun dengan lancer
berbahasa Jepang. Orang-orang ini tidak hanya mengerti sisi omote
namun juga memahami ura.Mereka merupakan orang-orang yang
memahami Jepang secara linguistik dan intelektual, namun bukan
warga negara resmi Jepang
Kesimpulan

 Globalisasi sedikit banyak telah mempengaruhi masayarakat Jepang
dan telah menghasilkan banyak masyarakat Jepang yang hidup di luar
teritori Jepang
 Globalisasi telah menyebabkan arus pertukaran informasi, dan juga
pergerakan manusia semakin tinggi. Sehingga tidak heran apabila
kemudian terdapat banyak orang asing yang tinggal di Jepang dan
orang Jepang yang tinggal di luar negeri