Group 3
MPhil Food safety and Quality Management
Introduction

With development of food trade, more stringent
policies have come into
place at international
level.

Countries have to ensure
higher standards in terms
of safety and quality to be
in the competition.

The major concerns imposed
are the health implications at
both national and international level.
CHINA
Food Safety Scenario:

Recent attempts to overcome the threats to food
safety

Food safety law established with three bodies
 State
Council Food Safety Commission
 The
Food Safety Risk Evaluation Expert Committee
 The
Food Safety Standard Examination Committee
4 divisions in China’s food safety history:

1940-1979: Shortage in Staple foods

1979-1984: Excessive use & abuse of fertilizers,
unmonitored food production

1984-2000: Food Hygiene law passed, standards set for
safe, harm free food

2001-recent: Hit with a multitude of scares, and the
development of Food Safety Law
Recommendation to China by the UN to start using HACCP
system & to introduce good practices in all systems.
Case Study 1:
Sanlu Melamine Milk Scandal, 2008

Sanlu, first enterprise to launch infant milk formula in China,
1983

Starts working on its core element of manufacturing, getting
raw milk supply from third parties.

In 2005, joint venture with Fonterra who brought 43% stake in
the company.

In 2005, Sanlu granted inspection free status by AQSIQ, and
given the title of “Famous Chinese Brand”
Incident:

In 2008, Sanlu Group admitted that it’s infant
formula contaminated with melamine.
First complaints received in Dec, 2007
 Regional manager shows up at his doorstep
offering $362 worth free Sanlu’s milk.
 Reported rise in the number of cases of babies
with kidney disease.
 Health dept. notices the rise in ailments and
repots to MoH and investigators are sent to check
the problem.
 Fonterra learns about the situation & New Zealand
Govt. informs China’s central govt.


Thousands of children fell sick after consumption

Melamine (fake protein) found in the milk, used in plastics and
resins

Infants developed renal problems & kidney stones

A total of 6 deaths, 51,900 hospitalizations, and an estimated of
294,000 illnesses in China, Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong.

The company’s president Tian detained along with three other
officials.

21 defendants tried in court.

Several govt. officials also removed from posts, along with director
of AQSIQ.

Expert panels set up throughout the country to
provide medical assistance.

Subsidies given to farmers as dairy industry came
to a halt.

Food testing centers established

Fonterra writes off its investment after losing
US$77.8 million.

Sanlu destroys 10, 000 tons of adulterated milk.

US$132 million given to affected consumers and
Sanlu declared bankrupt.

Food Safety Law adopted.
Case Study 2:
Shanghai Husi Rotten Meat Scandal, 2014

Shanghai Husi is an OSI Group
Subsidiary in China

Supplies meat products to leading
brands like McDonalds and Yum Brands
Inc. in China, which includes KFC, Pizza
Hut and Taco Bell.

On 20th July, 2014 a local undercover
TV report showed footage of workers
who were repackaging and relabeling
expired beef and chicken products.

It was also shown that meat that had fallen
onto the floor of the factory was being added
back into the mixing machines.

Five individuals that were connected with
Shanghai Food Co. Ltd. were detained

OSI Group CEO and Chairman, Sheldon Lavin.

Pulling out all the products from the market.

Decided to create a quality control center in
Shanghai and would dedicate $1.6 million to
fund the food safety education campaign.
India
Food Safety Scenario:

Poor and unsafe food and drinking water.

2.1 million Deaths were reported due to food borne
illnesses in 2000

Majority of Population is unaware

Study on awareness in women:

0.05% only are aware of hygienic practices.

400,000 deaths of children and infants annually due to
diarrhoea

Due to unsafe food and drinking water 7.8 lac people
die annually in India (Source WHO report 2008)

Never ending trend of open unhygienic food stalls.
Role of Government:

Food safety and Standards Authority of India, FSSI.

Complete authority in all parts of India

Zonal offices and complaint/ execution centres increased.

Food Safety and Standards Act 2006

Reward to informants

Compensation to victims

Improvements are still being made.

Increase in reports

Conviction rate as low as 1/4
Case Study 1:
Bihar School incident.

Midday Meal Scheme

23 children age 5-12 killed by ingesting poisonous food

On 16th July 2013

Contaminated with pesticide: monochrotophos.

Dozens fell ill

Protests throughout the state

Investigation results: Oil used in food contained
monochrotophos at extremely high levels.

Headmistress of school and Husband charged with murder
and face death penalty

Regulations made in Midday Meal scheme.
Case Study 2:
Adulteration of Chicken.

Antibiotics used as growth promoter in Poultry industry

Highly resistant microbes

Death toll increased due to otherwise treatable food borne diseases

Cases of Multi Drug Resistent-TB increased 5 times

Flouroquinones: MDR-TB treating antibiotic resistance in microbes.

MDR-TB caused by:

Incompleted treatment, Irregular treatment

Consumers highly resistant to 5 antibiotics crucial for most food borne
illnesses.

TB kills 2 persons every 3 minutes in India

Research committee setup that took 70 samples from Delhi
and surrounding areas in July 2014

40% showed high levels of multiple antibiotics at a time.

Studies revealed higher rate of other diseases as well like
Hepatitis A and Enteric fever.

Patients not responding to treatment.

As a result, a committee is setup for monitoring and
surveillance of poultry industry

Ban on antibiotics issued

Sale of antibiotics is expected to be restricted in coming
year.

Poultry officials who were found involved in adulteration
were fined and licenses disapproved.
INDONESIA
FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY OVERVIEW/CASE STUDIES
OVERVIEW

located in South Eastern Asia

comprises of 34 provinces, with two of them being labeled as
Special Administrative region and constituting a population
of 252 million people.

fourth most populous country compared to the land area.

prime strategic location astride major sea lanes
OVERVIEW

constitutes an archipelago with 17,508 islands
sharing borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea
and Timor-Leste.

mixed economy system

ranked 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
Food safety Scenario and role of
Government

significant position in terms of Agriculture

global key producer of many of the tropical agricultural
products

one of the staple food includes rice

highest rice consumption per capita in the world

current food safety and quality management situation is
alarming

lack of check and balances and implementable rules and
regulations

Lack of good manufacturing practices (GMPs), good
handling practices (GHPs) and good distribution practices
(GDPs) and awareness about food safety

Indonesian National Standard, known as SNI

SNI covers the standard for product, machine, tool,
system and method.
Primary objective of sni

to provide protection against any implications of safety,
health and fraud

exercise better quality control and increased production
at food processing units

meet up both national and international standards.

SNI is initially applied voluntarily

once it extends to human health and safety or environment
implications, its application becomes mandatory under a
technical regulation monitored by the respective
institution
Technical regulations

Minimum limit on residues for agricultural products

A control system that monitors the chemical residue in
agricultural products through lab analyses procedure
within the country all round year

Livestock degree and monitoring program to keep a check
on the chemical residues on livestock products distributed
within the country

Ministry of Agriculture decree no. 303/1996 on SNI that’s
sets out measure to be taken in food safety as quality
assurance through effective HACCP system.
CONSTRAINTS
The Indonesian government still faces constraints due to limited

technology,

expertise,

human force

Information

inefficient application of developed HACCP

external pressure with the introduction of stricter Sanitary and
PhytoSanitary (SPS) and Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT
FUTURE PROSPECTS

Uptil now 647 SNIs have established in agriculture

The Indonesian government thrives to introduce more comprehensive
measures

global development in areas;

information dissemination,

policy making and regulations,

training and education promoting food safety and its assurance.

financial as well as technical support from developed countries by
bilateral and multilateral means.
Case Study 1:
Abuse of Formalin, a non food grade chemical, as a preservative for
fish, tofu and wet noodles 2005
Background

the excessive use of preservatives agent which are graded as non-food
chemical in food processing.

Formalin, a formaldehyde containing solution, is often used to
preserve commodities like frozen food, ready to cook food, fish, tofu
and wet noodles.

considerable loss in trade at domestic level especially in the three
commodities; fish, tofu and wet noodles.
cause

convenient and accessible to obtain such a

chemical whose primary purpose was glue making
and corpse preservation.


Insufficient sanitation facilities at production
units and inefficient cold or refrigeration chambers
decreased the supposed shelf life of aforementioned
commodities.
issue

the idea of using formalin as an agent to increase the shelf life of the
edible commodities without considering the detrimental health
implications

known as “2005 Indonesia Food scare”.

60% of shops selling noodles were using formaldehyde lacing to
increase the shelf life.

In August 2011, two Carrefour supermarkets, the Central Jakarta
Livestock and Fishery Sub-Department found “Cendol” which is a sweet
rice drink having glutin, contained 10 parts per million of
formaldehyde.

Recently in 2014, an owner of two popular noodles factories has been
arrested in Bogor, Indonesia for the same reason. 50 kg of formalin was
confiscated during investigation.

The increased addition of formalin has alleviated the risk of cancer in
Indonesia
and has given rise to skin irritations
and nasal allergies.

The issue has been brought to the government’s notice and strict
measures were proposed to ban any such activity which breaches the
food safety and quality standards.
Counteraction

Ministry of industry and trade initiated a collaborative effort with
National agency for drug in food control (NADFC) to keep a check on
management of hazardous chemicals

Educational and training workshops were set to develop the
understanding and importance of food hygiene and safety in the
region

Increased inspection and law enforcement on the use of chemicals in
food

Regulations of sanctions under law no. 7, 1996 were enacted
Case Study 2:
Outbreak of a pathogen known as Enterobacter sakazakii in Powdered
Infant Formula, 2008
Background

Underreported cases.

Investigations carried out by NAFDC and MoH (Ministry of
health)

umbre of food-borne illnesses in Indonesia during 20012009 were 122 with 5808 cases and 36 fatalities.

the largest percentage of these outbreaks is reported to
be caused by microbiological hazards.
Cause

a scientific paper which was published in an international journal
suggesting the possibility of this outbreak based upon a follow-on
formulae.

finding impacted the scientific community and consequently the
Indonesian public.

spore forming ability of this pathogen which resulted in large scale
spread.

Additionally, the common practices to store ready-to-cook food at
room temperature were not up to the mark

cooking food at large scale in extravagant parties had also paced up
the spore formation process leading to severe food poisoning cases
caused by several pathogens including Enterobacter sakazakii,

improper sanitation facilities and hygiene implementation.
Issue

Imbalanced and inadequate information on previously known pathogen
has contributed in the occurrence of bothersome condition where
mothers discontinued the use of powdered infant formula (PIF).

substituted with pasteurized milk or starch-containing drink

major drawback as it may have resulted in malnutrition in babies.

huge outcry by the public about the health concerns of infants which
highlighted this issue on print and electronic media

A thorough check and monitoring of all PIF brands was demanded.
Counteraction

Intensive public education thorough seminars and conferences

Government carried out analysis test over 90 types of PIF and followon formula which turned out to be negative to eliminate public
confusion/dissatisfaction

NADFC issued a decree that strictly encompassed around the Codex
Alimentarius

Commission guideline regarding sanitation and hygienic procedures of
Enterobacter sakazakii

PIF reconstitution guidelines were disseminated by the government to
use boiled water of temperature 70 Degree Celcius
JAPAN

Asian Country

Islands around 6000

4 make up 97% of total area

126 million population 10th largest population

Ranked 5th in world for its import and exports

Capital is Tokyo
Why Japan?

Developed country

Fukushima Incident few years back(March,2011)

Environmental issues

May be Health problems

Food contamination no case is found so far.
Case 1
SNOW low fat milk makes over 15,000 sick

One of the largest dairy product company in Japan

15,000 people got sick due to consumption of old milk sold
by SNOW

Contamination was caused by Staphylococcus aureus

In 2003 merged with two different companies and new
one was “Megmilk Snow Brand Company”
Incident

15000 people were affected with food poisioning

Location of contamination was in the Valve of milk
processing plant

Low level hygiene standards
Reputation Management by SNOW

Valve or line was not in regular use

Contamination area was equal to 10yen coin

COST-BENEFIT Analysis:

Dramatic change in sales($530 million)

Loss in consumer confidence

5 companies(Shutdown)

Market shares declined from 45% to single figures
Counteraction

Appointment of new president(he acknowledged the
mistakes)

Renewed Corporate Philosophy

Promote Customer Focused Management

Enhanced Corporate Governance

Restructuring Risk Management and Conduct Practical
Trainings
Case 2
Biggest E.coli outbreak in a decade hits
Japan

7 killed and more than 100 infected due to food poisoning

E.coli(0157) contaminated pickled Cabbage

Company Name: Iwai Shokuhin
 Reasons:

Experts are still looking for the actual reason behind the
contamination
Role of E.coli in contamination

Cause gastrointestinal illness

Transmitted through contact with contaminated water, food, etc.
 Symptoms:
o
Stomach cramps
o
Vomiting
o
Diarrhea
Prevention

Wash hands

Maintain hygiene standards

Avoid use of unpasteurized milk and juice

Avoid swallowing water while swimming in fresh water or
pools
Malaysia
•South
Asian country- shares boarders with
Indonasia and Thialand
•Spreads
on329,847 square kilometers.
•Developing
country struggling for basic
needs
•The
Malaysia is ranked at number 43 on the
basis of world’s total population.
•Its
total population is 29,170,952
Food Safety Laws

The food act 1983

food regulations 1985 serve as a back bone for whole
scenario.

Duties are more of same as pure food ordinance –Pakistan

With increase in population every min- death rate also
increase

Unsafe Food is the main cause of deaths worldwide

The US and worldwide organizations like WHO, WTO
Continued

In Malaysia the common food borne illness are:

Cholera

typhoid,

food poisoning,

HAV

dysentery are about 5/100,000 population is infected with
such diseases.
Case studies

Case study 1:

Food poisoning in state of Kedah as 26 cases out of 37
occur in school due to contaminated milk.

(SMP) working for set goal

The complains were addressed in news papers from 2002.

There are two school of Kedah in which cases are moreprominent
Cause

The cause of food -contaminated milk -the SMP program.

well renowned company that supplied milk for this.

The milk is UHT treated.

Ministry of health to answer- contaminated milk supply

they said, it’s no more our responsibility once milk go to
supply chain- for assured of it quality but the chain
person’s.
Incident:

Incident:

The incident of august 2007- state of Kedah

the cases of food poisoning at primary school level

When investigation started, it was found that since from
2002 the students were complaining the food poisoning
Conti:

Through investigation -food poisoning

SMP milk supplies to schools

. Students told that the milk is little sweet in taste and
later turned to sour.

The students feel nausea after taking milk in the
morning.
Counter action:

When samples of milk and vomit were tested in labs it was
found out that the milk that was consumed was expired.

State Health Ministry chair person said investigations
were being taken all milk supplies were banned till the
issue resolved
Requests:

Multiple that are suppose to follow were:

The food safety authorities should take steps against such
issues.

Every canteen should trained and follow the set standards
of CODEX.

The Ministry of health and education should insure the
safe consignments of milk reach to school children.
Conti:

Amendments should be made according to the need in
adoption of CODEX, GMP etc.

Schools should provided hygienic measurements to
students like facility of wash basins and soaps.

SIRIM Berhad that assigns
Case study 2:

Kuala Lumpur issue regarding botulism contamination in
sports drink

and infant milk formula supplied by Danone Dumex
august 4, 2013.
Background:

Danone Dumex is the famous brand of Malaysia-1958.

the company famous for its sports drinks and infants
nutritious product.

This company food safety and quality management team
check each and every product for safety before it reaches
to retailer for sale
Incident:

Incident:

On Sunday Aug 4, 2013: The Fonterra supplied information
to DANONE that milk product and athletics drinks may
contaminate with:

the botulism that cause healthy issues to the consumers.
Cause:

New Zealand is the one that export

Whey protein concentrate to number of companiesMalaysia.

As New Zealand unfortunately found the contamination of
Clostridium botulinum in WPC that supplied to them by
Fonterra.

The Fonterra then spread this message to everyone who
consumed WPC of Fonterra should check their products
for flaws.
WPC

WPC is the main ingredient that used in sports drinks in
order to full fill:

protein requirement of the athletes’ body

in infant’s milk for nutrition purpose.
Counteraction:

Company issued the batch no. of suspected product

Refund all dues
Thailand


Location: Southeast Asia, sharing borders with Burma, Laos, Cambodia,
Malaysia and Andaman Sea.
Agriculture land is 20.85 million hectares (46.54%)

Agricultural country with more than half of its people engaged in the
agriculture sector.

Exports fresh, processed, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables to Japan,
Taiwan, Hong Kong and Malaysia, USA and Europe.
Food Safety Scenario and Role of
Government:

In Thailand, the Food Act of B.E.2522 (1979) is the major law aimed at
protecting and preventing consumers from health hazards occurring from food
consumption.

The Ministry of Public Health is chosen to be in charge of the execution of this
act.

The act has authority to appoint the Food Committee and skilled officers, and
to set up other activities in order to carry out the provisions of the Act.

The Food Committee functions as an advisory board to the Minister or the
competent officers on the matters related food control administration..

Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli are common food
borne pathogens in Thailand.

According to the food safety policy practiced by the Thai Government:
"Safe and Clean Food for All in 2004", the Ministry of Public Health is
certified to be accountable for the Food Safety Programme.

Thailand, has strictly implemented examination, and monitoring of
chemical and microbial contaminants, including toxins in food.

All food production sites, distribution sites, and restaurants are
regularly inspected on its good manufacturing practice (GMP) or
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), hygiene, and food
sanitary system.

The consumer power is developed by providing awareness through the
media (e.g., television, radio, leaflets, pamphlets, newspapers, etc.) in
order to make the consumers know how to select and buy safe food for
themselves and to increase consumer awareness on food consumption.

Various training and educational programmes associated with food safety
have been provided for food safety personnel by responsible
organizations.

The Thai Government has developed the potential analysis capability
through essential equipment and facilities in laboratories and food testing
mobile units.
Case study1
Salmonella Food Poisoning in Army Camp, Northern Thailand, October
2009
Background:

In Thailand, around 100 food borne outbreaks reported annually.

In 2007, two outbreaks of food borne disease were reported from
camps in Thailand: one in a scout camp and one in a military camp.

During 2008; more than 50 food borne outbreaks in schools were
reported to the Bureau of Epidemiology (BOE) of the Thailand Ministry of
Public Health, including one outbreak in a scout camp.
Case Study 1
Incident:

On 16 Oct 2009, the BOE was informed by a provincial health officer that
50 people in an Army Reserve Force Students (ARFS) camp had been treated
at a hospital for diarrhea in the past two days.
Case Study 1
Causes:

Green beans were considered as suspected source of infection. The major
cause of food borne outbreak was due to Salmonella infection.

The cook was a Salmonella carrier who prepared this meal.

Although the green chicken curry in coconut milk was cooked, the
contamination might have occurred during the preparation procedure.
Case study 1
Counteractions:

High chlorine level in water could substantially reduce Salmonella
contamination

Cleaned the kitchen area with chlorine and suggested that the water
supply should be adequately chlorinated.

Awareness related to health education was given to the ARFS, military
trainers, school teachers, cooks and cooks helpers.

Food handlers in the camp, who were Salmonella carriers, were
recommended not to handle food until they had tested negative for
Salmonella.
Case Study 2
A Food Borne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis due to Shigella and Possibly
Salmonella in a School
Incident:
On August 5, 2005, a private hospital reported a large number of students with
gastrointestinal illness from the same school in Bangkok, Thailand.
Main symptoms were diarrhea, fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting,
and nausea.
The highest attack rate (63%) was among grade 3 and grade 4 students.
Case Study 2
Causes:

Mixed chicken and rice dish served for lunch on August 4 was associated
with illness.

This food borne outbreak of gastroenteritis was probably caused by Shigella
spp.

Though there was a possibility of mixed contamination with Shigella and
Salmonella spp.

Two food handlers were carrier of Shigella spp.
Case study 2
Counteractions:

Kitchen appliances used for raw food preparation and cooked food should
be separated to prevent cross contamination.

Frequent washing of all cutting boards and utensils were recommended.

Food handlers in the affected community were instructed to have health
check up-ups at least once a year.

Training should be given to food handlers for hygienic practices.

Proper hand washing before eating and after using the toilet should be
encouraged among students to prevent secondary spread.