CHAPTER 29
CRISIS IN EUROPE
AT THE YALTA CONFERENCE STALIN BEGAN
TO MAKE DEMANDS FOR SOVIET
INFLUENCE IN EUROPE
 STALIN WANTED EASTERN EUROPE TO BE A
BUFFER ZONE, TO ACCOMPLISH THIS HE
WANTED THESE COUNTRIES TO BE SIMILAR
TO THE USSR-COMMUNIST
 AT THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE TENSION
BETWEEN THE U.S AND SOVIETS BEGAN TO
SURFACE

CRISIS IN EUROPE
THESE TENSIONS LEAD TO A HISTORIC
ERA KNOWN AS THE COLD WAR
 THIS WAS A TIME OF TENSION AND
HOSTILITY BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE
SOVIET UNION
 THE COLD WAR BEGINS IN THE SUMMER
OF 1945 AND LASTED UNTIL DECEMBER
OF 1991, WHEN COMMUNISM IN THE
USSR COLLAPSED

CRISIS IN EUROPE
AT POTSDAM THE ALLIES AGREED
ON 4 POINTS
 TO DIVIDE GERMANY INTO 4 ZONES
 TO DIVIDE BERLIN INTO 4 ZONES
 TO DEMILITARIZE AND DE-NAZIFY
GERMANY, INCLUDING THE
NUREMBERG TRIALS
 GERMAN REPARATIONS

CRISIS IN EUROPE
THE U.S. TOOK AN ACTIVE ROLE IN STABILIZING
EUROPE
 TRUMAN DOCTRINE-PROVIDED ECONOMIC
AND MILITARY AID FOR COUNTRIES TRYING TO
OPPOSE COMMUNISM(TURKEY AND GREECE)
 MARSHALL PLAN-IT PROVIDED $13 BILLION
DOLLARS TO REBUILD EUROPE, STABILIZING
THE ECONOMY WOULD ALSO BRING POLITICAL
STABILITY
 THESE WERE REFERRED TO AS CONTAINMENT
POLICIES

CRISIS IN EUROPE

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
GERMANY BECAME THE EXAMPLE OF THE
DIVISION THAT EXISTED IN EUROPE
THE 3 WESTERN ZONES OF GERMANY WERE
COMBINED TO FORM WEST GERMANY
THE SOVIETS ISOLATED THEIR ZONE AND IT
BECAME EAST GERMANY
THE CITY OF BERLIN FOLLOWED THE SAME
PATTERN
CHURCHILL DESCRIBED THIS AS RUSSIA HAS
DRAWN AN “IRON CURTAIN” ACROSS EUROPE
CRISIS IN EUROPE
THE SOVIETS BEGAN TO MAKE OCCUPIED
COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE
MODELS OF THEIR SYSTEM
 THEY PUT COMMUNIST LEADERS IN
POWER, BANNED ALL PARTIES EXCEPT
THE COMMUNIST
 THEY TIED ALL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS TO THEIRS

CRISIS IN EUROPE
SOVIET OCCUPIED AREAS RESISTED
COMMUNISM
 EAST GERMANY-1953
 UKRAINIANS-UNTIL 1956
 HUNGARIANS-IN 1956
 BALTIC STATES-UNTIL THE 1960’S, MID 80’S
 POLAND-NUMEROUS TIMES, UNTIL THE
EARLY 1980’S, FORMED SOLIDARITY(LECH
WELSEA)
 MOLDOVIANS-UNTIL THE 1950’S
 BULGARIANS-UNTIL THE 1960’S

CRISIS IN EUROPE
BERLIN BECAME ONE OF THE FIRST SOVIET–
U.S. CHALLENGES, JUNE 1948
 THE SOVIETS WERE UPSET WITH THIS MOVE
AND RESPONDED BY CREATING A
BLOCKADE, THEY ATTEMPTED TO CLOSE THE
CITY AND FORCE THE U.S. TO GIVE UP
CONTROL
 THE U.S. RESPONDED BY AIRLIFTING
SUPPLIES INTO THE CITY FOR THE NEXT 11
MONTHS(JUNE 1948-MAY 1949, THE SOVIETS
ENDED THE BLOCKADE, WEST BERLIN WAS
REOPENED AND DEMOCRACY WAS
ESTABLISHED

CRISIS IN EUROPE
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT STATS:
 2.3 MILLION TONS OF CARGO WERE
BROUGHT IN
 300,000 LANDINGS OCCURRED
 PLANES WERE LANDING OR TAKING
OFF EVERY 30 SECONDS

CRISIS IN EUROPE
IN 1961 ANOTHER CRISIS HIT EAST BERLIN,
THOUSANDS OF EAST GERMANS WERE
EVACUATING THE COUNTRY, THE SOVIETS
HAD TO FIND A WAY OF STOPPING THEM.
 THE BERLIN WALL-THIS BECAME THE
SYMBOL OF THE SEPARATION OF EAST AND
WEST IN EUROPE
 http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlinwall/videos/cold-war ; KENNDEY’S RESPONSE,
DESTRUCTION OF THE WALL
 THE WALL WAS DESTROYED NOV. 9, 1989

CRISIS IN EUROPE
CONCERNED OVER SOVIET INFLUENCE
IN EUROPE THE WESTERN NATIONS
FORMED NATO
 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
 IT WAS A MILITARY ALLIANCE DESIGNED
TO COUNTER SOVIET INFLUENCE
 THE SOVIETS FORMED THEIR OWN
VERSION CALLED THE WARSAW PACT

THE ARMS RACE

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THE CONVENTIONAL ARMS RACE BEGAN
IN THE LATE 1800’S WHEN NATIONS
COMPETED TO MASS PRODUCE
WEAPONS AND CREATE LARGE NAVYS
IN 1949 THE ARMS RACE CHANGED, THE
SOVIETS HAD THEIR FIRST SUCCESSFUL
TEST OF AN ATOMIC WEAPON
THIS BEGAN DECADES OF THE U.S. AND
SOVIETS STOCKPILING AS MANY AND
VARIOUS TYPES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
IN 1952 THE U.S. TESTED THE FIRST
FUSSION POWERED HYDROGEN BOMB
THE ARMS RACE
THOUGH THE ATOMIC BOMB IS
CONSIDERED AN OFFENSIVE
WEAPON, BOTH NATIONS JUSTIFIED
THEIR MASSIVE BUILD UP BASED
ON A DEFENSIVE STRATEGY
 DETERRENCE-DEVELOPMENT OR
MAINTENANCE OF MILITARY POWER
TO DETER/PREVENT AN ATTACK

THE ARMS RACE

THE TIDE TURNED IN FAVOR OF THE
RUSSIANS IN OCTOBER OF 1957, THE
SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF
SPUTNIK(ARTIFICAL SATELLITE)
THE U.S. RESPONSE VARIED:
 GOVERNMENT-CREATED NASA
 POLITICALLY-McCARTHYISM
 PEOPLE-BUILT BOMB SHELTERS

SPACE RACE
THE ARMS RACE
IN 1955 EISENHOWER PROPOSED AN OPEN
SKY POLICY-DESIGN TO ALLOW FLYOVERS TO
ACCURATELY ASSESS EACH NATIONS
WEAPONS
 THE SOVIETS COUNTERED WITH TOTAL
NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
 U-2 SPY PLANE INCIDENT-THE CIA WAS
CONDUCTING FLIGHTS OVER RUSSIA, MAY
1,1960, THE PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN, PILOT
FRANCIS GARY POWERS WAS CAPTURED
 THIS EVENT CANCELLED AN ARMS MEETING
BETWEEN THE 2 COUNTRIES

THE ARMS RACE

IN 1963 PRESIDENT KENNEDY AND
KHRUSHCHEV SIGNED THE LIMITED
TEST BAN TREATY, REDUCED
TESTING OF WEAPONS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE, OUTER SPACE,
UNDERWATER
THE ARMS RACE

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
IN 1968, RICHARD NIXON BECAME PRESIDENT,
A PRIMARY GOAL OF HIS OFFICE WAS BETTER
RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA
THIS BEGAN A PERIOD KNOW AS “DETANTE”
FRENCH FOR RELAXED TENSION
SALT I TREATY-STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION
TALKS, THIS LIMITED THE NUMBER OF
NUCLEAR WEAPONS HELD BY EACH NATION
IT ALSO LEAD TO ABM TREATY(ANTI-BALLISTIC
MISSILE) BANNED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
WEAPON THAT WOULD SHOOT DOWN
NUCLEAR MISSILES
THIS LEAD TO THE SALT II TREATY WITH
PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER
THE ARMS RACE
UNDER REAGAN’S PRESIDENCY, HE
WAS ABLE TO FORCE THE
GORBACHEV INTO AN ARMS
REDUCTION TREATY,
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR
FORCES TREATY(INF)
 REAGAN VIOLATED THE SPIRIT OF
THE ABM TREATY AND DEVELOPED
HIS “STAR WARS SYSTEM”

CRISIS IN KOREA
KOREA WAS DIVIDED AT THE END OF
WWII BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE
USSR
 THE COUNTRY WAS TO BE UNIFIED BY
SELF-DETRMINATION AFTER THE
JAPANESE WERE REMOVED
 THE SOVIETS ESTABLISHED A
COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN THE
NORTH AND THE U.S. SUPPORTED A
DEMOCRACTIC REGIME IN THE SOUTH

CRISIS IN KOREA
THE COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED AT THE 38TH
PARALLEL
 IN JUNE OF 1950, NORTH KOREA INVADED
THE SOUTH
 THE U.S. ASKED THE UN TO SUPPORT THE
SOUTH AND STOP COMMUNIST
AGGRESSION, 17 NATIONS COMMITTED
TROOPS, THE U.S. SENT THE MOST,
GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR WAS
PLACED IN CHARGE OF THE COALITION

CRISIS IN KOREA
THE WAR LASTED FOR 3 YEARS
 N. KOREA WAS SUCCESSFUL EARLY
 THE INCHON LANDING TURNED THE WAR
IN FAVOR OF THE SOUTH
 CHINA SOON AIDED THE NORTH,
PLACING THE WAR INTO A STALEMATE
 IN 1953, BOTH SIDES AGREED TO AN
ARMISTICE
 WITH NO OFFICIAL END TO THE WAR
BOTH SIDES STILL MONITOR THE 38TH
PARALLEL

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
IN 1959 FIDEL CASTRO LEAD A
SUCCESSFUL REVOLT AGAINST
CUBA’S GOVERNMENT
 HE ESTABLISHED THE 1ST
COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN THE
WEST-THEN ALIGNED WITH RUSSIA
 THE US. RESPONDED BY TAKING
CUBAN REFUGEES AND BEGAN
TRAINING THEM TO INVADE CUBA

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
THE PLAN WAS FOR THESE 1,500+
MEN TO LAND ON THE BEACHES IN
CUBA, THINKING THE PEOPLE
WOULD RALLY AGAINST CASTRO
AND JOIN THE INVADING FORCES
 THE MEN WERE TRAINED IN
GUATEMALA BY THE CIA, THE
OPERATION WAS SUPPOSE TO BE
SECRET, BUT WAS NOT

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
APRIL 1961, THIS FORCE LAND ON
THE BEACH HEAD OF CUBA CALLED
“THE BAY OF PIGS”
 CASTRO’S FORCES WERE WAITING,
THE MEN WERE KILLED AND THERE
WAS NO SUPPORT FROM THE
ISLAND PEOPLE
 THIS WAS AN AMERICAN DISASTER
THAT KENNEDY HAD TO APOLOGIZE

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
IN 1962, CUBA AGAIN BECAME THE
CENTER OF ATTENTION
 U.S. SPY PLANES HAD PHOTOGRAPHS
OF NUCLEAR MISSILE SILOS IN CUBA
 THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
 THE U.S. RESPONSE WAS A FORMAL
PROTEST TO THE SOVIET UNION OVER
THE INSTALLATION OF NUCLEAR
MISSILES IN CUBA , KENNEDY
DEMANDED THEY BE REMOVED

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
THIS EVENT WAS AN EXAMPLE OF THE
POLITICAL CLIMATE CALLED “BRINKMANSHIP”
 OUR NEXT RESPONSE WAS TO BLOCKADE
THE ISLAND OF CUBA TO STOP SOVIET SHIPS
FROM SUPPORTING CUBA
 AFTER A 2 WEEK STANDOFF THE SOVIETS
WITHDREW
 THE AGREEMENT MADE WAS THE SOVIETS
WOULD DISMANTLE THE MISSILES IN CUBA
AND WE WOULD DISMANTLE OUR MISSILES
IN TURKEY

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE
SOVIET UNION
BY 1985, THE SOVIET UNION WAS IN
A DISASTEROUS ECONOMIC
CONDITION
 45 YEARS OF A STATE RUN
ECONOMY PRODUCED NO GROWTH
 HIGH MILITARY SPENDING
 SUPPLIMENTING THE ECONOMIES
OF EASTERN EUROPE

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE
SOVIET UNION
IN THAT YEAR MIKHAIL GORBACHEV
WAS APPOINTED BY THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE TO RUN THE NATION
 TO REVERSE THE TREND OF THE
FAILING ECONOMY GORBACHEV
INTRODUCED REFORM TO THE
COUNTRY
 GLASNOST AND PERESTROKIA

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE
SOVIET UNION
GLASNOST WAS MORE OF A SOCIAL REFORM:
FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, PRESS
 PERESTROKIA WAS AN ATTEMPT AT ECONOMIC
AND POLITICAL REFORM
 MEMBERSHIP IN THE PARTY NO LONGER A
PRIORITY, EACH REPUBLIC WOULD
EVENTUALLY CONTROL THEIR OWN TAXES AND
RESOURCES, FREE MARKET ECONOMY WAS
INTRODUCED, SOVIET TROOPS WITHDRAWN
FROM EASTERN EUROPE, ARMS REDUCTION
WITH THE U.S., REDUCED INFLUENCE IN
EASTERN EUROPE

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE
SOVIET UNION
AUGUST 19, 1991, ON THE EVE OF THE “NEW
UNION TREATY” GORBACHEV WAS ARRESTED
BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
 THE ARMY WAS CALLED OUT TO STOP
OPPOSITION-THOUGH THEY WERE PRESENT
THEY DID NOT FIRE ON THE CROWDS
 IN MOSCOW BORIS YELTSIN PRESIDENT OF
RUSSIA RALLIED THE PEOPLE IN THE
STREETS TO DEFY THE COUP LEADERS
 WITHIN 3 DAYS THE COUP LEADERS WERE
ARRESTED, AND ALL WERE EVENTUALLY
EXECUTED

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE
SOVIET UNION
AFTER THIS EVENT; THE 15
REPUBLICS BEGAN TO DECLARE
THEIR INDEPENDENCE
 ON DEC. 25, 1991 MIKHAIL
GORBACHEV RESIGNS, THE SOVIET
UNION NO LONGER EXIST
 THERE ARE NOW 15 NEW NATIONS
IN THE WORLD

DECLINE OF EASTERN EUROPE
FROM 1985-1996 COMMUNISM IN THE VARIOUS
EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BEGAN TO
COLLASPE
 WHEN GORBACHEV PULLED SOVIET TROOPS
FROM THESE COUNTRIES, THE PEOPLE AND
THE LEADERS UNDERSTOOD THAT THEY HAD
LOST THEIR SUPPORT SYSTEM
 MOST LEADERS SAW NO HOPE IN CONTINUING
COMMUNISM, SO THEY BEGAN TO RESIGN,
ROMANIA’S LEADER WAS THE ONLY ONE TO
ATTEMPT TO HOLD ON
