Origin
The legend of the origin of coffee begins around
850 AD with an Ethiopian goatherd named Kaldi.
One day while he was searching for his goats he
happened to come across a leafed shrub with
bright red berries, and was astounded. Kaldi had
decided to sample the berries himself and in no
time, he was dancing gleefully with his newfound
goats around the green-leafed shrubs. A curious
onlooker then decided that he would gather the
berries himself, bring them home and study them.
In his experiments he roasted them, boiled them,
and sampled the resulting beverage. He then
shared what he found with the rest of his fellow
monks, and soon no one fell asleep at prayers!
And so coffee spread from place to place creating a
more gleeful and wakeful world..
Earliest Users
• Around the first millennium, the Muslims
used coffee as a substitute for alcoholic
drinks because alcohol was forbidden in
the Islam religion.
• In 1511 Khair Beg, governor of Mecca,
tries to ban coffee for believing that its
influence might induce rebellion to his
rule. The sultan then sends word that
coffee is sacred and has the governor
executed.
• By the 1600s, coffee had spread
throughout most of Europe. Like most
new things, the use of coffee caused
controversy. In some European cities, the
beverage was called all types of names,
including a “bitter invention of Satan”. At
one point local clergy in Venice
condemned it until the Pope gave
approval for its use.
• In 1607 Captain John Smith is believed to
have introduced coffee to North America.
• In 1645 the first coffeehouse opens in Italy.
• In 1652 the first coffeehouses appeared in
England. This is also where tipping became
popular.
• In 1668 coffee replaces beer as New York
City's favorite breakfast drink.
• In 1672 the first coffeehouse opens in Paris.
The two main types of coffee are Arabica and Robusta. Coffee Arabica is the better and more
expensive of the two. These grow in semitropical climates near the equator at high altitudes. Robusta
Coffee, which are grown exclusively in the eastern hemisphere, also thrive in equatorial climates, but
at low altitudes.
Spread Through Commerce
• From Ethiopia, coffee had then spread
to Egypt and Yemen. The earliest credible
evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge
of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the
fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of
Yemen. By the 16th century, it had reached the
rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey
and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to Italy,
and to the rest of Europe, Indonesia, and the
Americas.
Coffee grows best in an area known as the Bean Belt--the band around the Earth in between
the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
Current Market Status
• World coffee exports amounted up to 7.85
million bags in October 2010 compared with 7.51
million in October 2009. Exports have decreased
by 4.3% to 93.6 million bags compared to 97.8
million bags in the same period last year. In the
twelve months ending October 2010, exports of
the Arabica Coffee totaled up to 61.8 million
bags, inert from last year; whereas the Robusta
Coffee exports amounted to 31.8 million bags
compared to 36 million bags last year.
World
Coffee
Producers2009
Value of Coffee
After petroleum, coffee is today’s most important traded
commodity; standing above coal, meat, wheat and sugar.
Cultural Influence on Social Customs
• Coffee had become America’s
nationalistic drink after the
Boston Tea Party.
• Turkish Coffee became central
to the Ottoman Society
• The spread of Islam brought
coffee to the tables of the
world as a stimulant,
refresher, and symbol of
hospitality.
• By 1675, there were more
than 3,000 coffeehouses
throughout England
• Venetians were the first
to add milk and sugar to
coffee.
•Between July 1669 and
May 1670, the
Ambassador of France had
managed to firmly
establish the custom of
drinking coffee among
Parisians.
Cultural Impacts
Religion:
Literature:
• Coffee became more widely accepted after it was • Coffeehouses became a popular meeting
deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII place for artists and writers.
in 1600 despite appeals to ban the “Muslim drink”. • Coffee that served as inspiration for
• During the persecutions of coffee in the Middle
Arabian, French, Italian, and English poets.
East, Arabians sang poems in praise of coffee.
•In the first coffee house in Paris, Café
•A Jewish man named the first coffeehouse in
Procope is said to be the birth place of the
England “The Grand Café”
• A contemporary example of religious prohibition first modern encyclopedia and a major
meeting place for the French Enlightenment.
of coffee can be found in The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
• With the Espresso craze came the Café
The organization believes that it is both physically
Trieste in San Francisco which saw Beat
and spiritually unhealthy to consume coffee.
Generation poets alongside Italian
(coming from the Mormon doctrine of heath)
immigrants.
Social Customs:
Language:
• In northern Europe, coffee parties are a
• In the English language coffee was first
popular form of entertainment.
referred to as chaoua.
• The dreadful conditions that the slaves worked • The Turkish word for coffee was borrowed
on in coffee plantations were a factor in the soon form the Arabic: qahwah. The verb qahahya
to follow Haitian Revolution.
means “to have no appetite” since the
• Coffee was initially used for spiritual uses.
beverage was thought to suppress hunger.
• Today, almost all Barnes and Nobles have a
Starbucks Coffee close by (drinking coffee while
working has become a custom)
Right:
Starbucks
Coffee Café
at Barnes
and Noble
Below: Café
Procope in
France
Above: The Grand Café in England
Below: The Café Trieste in San Francisco
Harvesting
The process begins with the cherries growing on coffee trees. First,
bushes are completely stripped of their fruit in a one-time
engagement, either by a large group of workers or using special
machines that separate the cherries and their branches. Next, the
cherries are squeezed until the seed is recognizable. Smaller coffee
estates produce smaller, higher quality, and much more valuable crops,
so they can afford to employ people to wander through the trees
selecting only perfectly ripe cherries—this process is then numerously
repeated. These beans are dried and depulped in a simpler but more
labor-intensive operation; by leaving them out in the sun and turning
them scarcely with a rake. Once dried, they are depulped by machine
to remove the beans. This is called green coffee and it's exported by
the great quantities to places such as the United States, Belgium and
Europe, where it is turned into the roast and ground or instant coffee.
The various types of coffee are distinguished by the variety and origin,
the flavor and the aroma.
Different Ends for Coffee
• Highland and lowland coffee -
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Highland coffees have a particularly fine aroma and are cultivated on plantations
at altitudes of 600 to 1,800 meters above sea level. Lowland coffees have a
different flavor and originate from plantations at a lower altitude. Generally, the
higher the altitude, the more rich the quality of coffee produced.
Arabica beans grow at altitudes between 600 and 1,800 meters above sea level
and take approximately six to nine months to mature. These beans are worth a
higher price on the coffee market because growing coffees at higher altitudes is
more expensive and labor intensive. Arabica coffees are well-flavored and
aromatic, with less caffeine than Robusta.
Robusta is mainly cultivated in West Africa and Southeast Asia. Robusta trees are
very hearty plants that grow at lower altitudes ranging from sea level to 600
meters. They are more cold, moisture-tolerant and disease-resistant than the
delicate Arabica. Robusta coffees have a somewhat unrefined, earthier taste.
Decaf Seeds are decaffeinated while they are still green. Some methods used to remove
the caffeine from coffee include soaking the beans in hot water or steaming them
in a solvent to dissolve the caffeine – containing oils.
Technological Advancements-Timeline
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1690: The Dutch become the first to transport and cultivate coffee commercially
1822: The prototype of the first espresso machine shows up in France
1865: Coffee percolators appeared in Europe and America thanks to inventor James Mason
1885: A process of using natural gas and hot air becomes the most popular method of
roasting coffee
1886: Maxwell House is first served in Nashville, TN
1900: Hills Bros. begins packing roast coffee in vacuum tins
1901: The first soluble "instant" coffee is invented by Japanese-American chemist
1903: The process of removing caffeine from the beans without destroying the flavor is
mastered. It is marketed under the brand name "Sanka” and is introduced to the United
States in 1923.
1905: The first commercial espresso machine is developed in Italy
1906: An English chemist living in Guatemala creates the first mass-produced instant coffee
(his brand is called Red E Coffee)
1908: Melitta Bentz makes a filter using blotting paper
1933: Dr. Ernest Lily manufactures the first automatic espresso machine
1938: Nestle invents freeze-dried coffee
1946: In Italy, Achilles Gaggia perfects his espresso machine.
Trade and Taxes on Coffee
• In the 1500’s, the first coffee traders were selling in Europe.
• Importers of Coffee in the 1500’s included ports in
Alexandria and Smyrna.
• High taxes were imposed on coffee when it became well
known and popular. This led countries to grow their own
coffee.
• In 1723, the French, Dutch, English, Spanish, and
Portuguese invaded the tropical belt to obtain coffee.
• Because of the expansionist policy of the Ottoman Empire,
Islam spread to North Africa, Europe, and South Asia which
contributed to the diffusion of coffee.
• In the Eighteeth Century, men of the culture loved the drink
and referred to it as the “intellectual beverage”
World Coffee Producers
Paduan Prospero Alpino
A famous botanist and physician named Paduan
Prospero Alpino brought sacks of coffee with him from
the East to Italy in 1591 and 1592. He introduced
coffee to the Italians. At first, it was very expensive and
only the rich and wealthy purchased it, but as it gained
popularity and began to be sold in other places besides
the Chemist’s shops, other people started buying it.
Pope Clemente VII
He was the Pope of a Christian church in Italy.
Representatives of that church believed that
drinking coffee was unfaithful, so Pope
Clemente VII forbid and banned the faithful
Christians to drink. Coffee was known as the
“devil’s beverage”.
King George III
Coffee was first introduced to the New World in
the mid-1600’s in New Amsterdam, now known
as New York. Tea was the preferred drink back
then, and King George imposed ridiculously high
taxes on it. This led to a revolt known as the
Boston Tea Party. As a result, coffee became the
most preferred beverage.
Jerry Baldwin
Founded Starbucks in 1971
Who Did What?
• Doreen Sayadfar : Slides 2-10 and 14-18
• Mayuri Patel : Slides 11-13 and 19-24