Microbiology Review
Bacteria, viruses, diseases
1. What natural host do we use to
mass-produce vaccines?
• Chicken eggs/embryos
2. Why don’t we have a vaccine for the
common cold?
• Cold virus is always changing/mutating
3. What killed 1/3 of the population in
Europe?
•
•
•
•
Bubonic plague
Virus or bacteria?
BACTERIA
(make sure you know your bacterial illnesses
versus viral illnesses)
• Transmitted from fleas on rats
4. What farm animals help cause the
mutations in the flu virus?
• Ducks and pigs
• The virus gets transferred between species
and each time, it changes a little
• When it gets re-transferred back to that
species, it has changed enough that the body
doesn’t recognize it and sickness occurs
5. What does CDC stand for? Where is
it?
• Center for Disease Control
• Atlanta, GA
6. What was the Salk vaccine used for?
• Polio
• Virus or bacteria?
• VIRUS!
7. What did scientists do with mosquitoes
they caught in the rain forest, and why?
• Caught them, froze them, crushed them up
into a liquid
• Inject the liquid into rats
• Observe how the rats react (do they have any
symptoms of an “emerging virus”?)
• Have found 40 viral strains the world never
knew about
8. What causes AIDS?
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• Retrovirus (makes DNA copy to inject into a
cell. The DNA lays hidden and cannot be
targeted by any vaccine (yet!) )
• Origin: Mutation of monkey virus (monkey
blood used in sacrifices/rituals)
9. What microorganism that makes you sick can
you get from undercooked hamburger?
• E. coli
• Virus or bacteria?
• BACTERIA
10. What percent of bacteria is
‘pathogenic’? What is ‘pathogenic’?
• Less than 1%
• Pathogenic = causes disease
11. What did Sadam Hussein have that
we were so concerned about?
• Anthrax (biological weapon)
12. This type of bacteria causes one of the
most dangerous toxins on the earth
• Botulinum bacteria – causes botulism
13. What is the specific name for how
bacteria reproduce?
• Binary Fission
14. How often do bacteria reproduce?
• Every 20 minutes
15. What virus is carried by field mice?
• Hanta virus
16. Rod shaped bacteria are called?
• Bacillus (plural bacilli)
17. Spherical bacteria are called
• Coccus (plural cocci)
18. Spiral bacteria are called
• Spirilla (plural spirilli)
19. What medical treatment is used to
prevent bacterial and viral infections?
• Vaccine!
• Get a weakened/dead form of the virus or
bacteria
• Body recognizes it and builds immune
response, but you don’t get sick
• If you encounter it in the future, body has
immunity ready to go
20. What medical treatment is taken to
kill a bacterial infection?
• Antibiotic
• Kills the cells specifically targeted by the
antibiotic
• Some bacteria develop adaptations that
protect them from the antibiotic =
• Antibiotic resistance 
21. The outside of a virus is called:
• Capsid
22. What is a worldwide epidemic
called?
• Pandemic
• Name a few pandemics that have occurred
throughout history or currently
• Influenza, AIDS, malaria
23. What disease is associated with
the iron lung?
• Polio
• Iron lung is a pressurized chamber to help
breathing (esp children)
24. Where do you find bacteria?
• Everywhere
• Soil, anywhere there is water, the air
25. How many cold viruses do people usually
come in contact with in their lifetime?
• 50 different strains in your lifetime
• It is an ever-changing virus so although it feels
the same each time, you are actually getting a
slightly different version of the virus
26. Who discovered the first vaccine?
• Edward Jenner
27. What was the first vaccine made
for?
• Small pox – how did he do it?
• Edward Jenner saw that milk maids who worked
closely with cows were not getting small pox (cow
pox in cows is similar to smallpox)
• He took pus from blisters of people infected with
cowpox and inoculated his own son
• His son initially showed sickness, but fought it off
and never contracted cowpox or smallpox again
28. What piece of equipment is
necessary to view a virus?
• Electron Microscope
• 7000x magnification
29. What caused the pandemic in 1918
that killed 20 million people?
•
•
•
•
Influenza
Bacteria or virus?
VIRUS!
Why did it kill so many…
30. What was the name of the first
antibiotic? Who discovered it?
• Penicillin
• Alexander Fleming (British scientist)
31. Where did the first antibiotic come
from?
• Mold called penicillium
32. What did bacteria remove from the
Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, SD?
• Cyanide – used to dissolve gold into solution
• Bacteria removed cyanide before the water
went back to the environment
• Trout proved it worked
33. Describe the lytic cycle of a virus
In
your
book…
34. Structure of a bacterium (20.2)
In your book
35. What did you learn from the
bacteria lab?
• Think about…
• Techniques – sterile practices, making a streak
plate, using agar to grow bacteria, using an
incubator, taking bacteria samples from
various locations
• Analyzing results – how do you know the
product was effective?
Measuring antibiotic resistance
• Test
antibiotics on
different
bacteria
• Which
antibiotics are
effective?
Each disc is soaked in an antibiotic and placed on the bacteria culture
In this case, only 1 species of bacteria is being tested to determine its resistance to
various antibiotics
What kinds did you see?