Anatomy Skeletal
system
Lets check it out!
APL2 and L3
Axial vs Appendicular
Skeleton (206 bones adult)
Skull
 22 bones connected by sutures (Fibrous
joints)
 8 bones of cranium + 14 facial bones
 At birth, sutures in process of formation &
early joints called Fontanels (soft spots
on head of newborn; allow compression
of head as passes through birth canal)
 Fontanels replaced by immovable
sutures as cranial bones grow together
Vertebral
column
 Strong flexible rod
that supports the
trunk and allows
movement.
 Between 2 vertebrae
is compressible mass
of fibrocartilage called
intervertebral discs
 Protects spinal cord
 Baby at birth: has a
thoracic and sacral
curves
 As begin to hold
head= cervical curve
develops.
 As begin to walk=
lordotic curve
develops
Differences in Vertebral
column
 Why are they different?
Cervical Vertebrae
 First 2 cervical
vertebrae have unique
features to permit
movement of head
 1st is Atlas= has no
body; it’s articulation
with head permits up &
down motion
 2nd is Axis= has body
with prominent process
that projects upward
through atlas; pivots to
allow side to side
motion of head (shaking
head no)
Thoracic Vertebrae
 12 vertebrae; larger than cervical vertebrae
 Only members of vertebrae that articulate with
ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae
 Five lumbar vertebrae are larger & thicker to
support increased body weight
Sacrum & Coccyx
 Sacrum is a large triangular bone formed
by fusion of 5 vertebrae
 Forms posterior part of the pelvis
 Coccyx is series of 3 to 5 small, fused or
partially fused bones.
Thoracic cage
 Where is
posterior
articulation
 What does it
protect?
 Any
potential
problems?
Parts of Appendicular Skeleton:
Pelvic Girdle (3 bones)
 Pelvic Girdle=
strong, durable
frame; supports
lower limbs &
carries weight of
the body.
 Three bones of the
pelvis (illium,
ischium, pubis)
and the sacrum
 Three Joints
 SacroIlliac (SI)
 Pubis Symphysis
 Acetabulum
Pelvic bone:
(coxal bone
or os coxae)
 Three non-distinct
bones
 Center intersection is
“socket” called
acetabulum
 “Ball” is the head of
the femur
Quick Quiz #1: 2 pts
each=14
 1. What bones make up axial skeleton?
 2. Why does a baby have fontanels?
 3. Why are there kyphotic and lordotic
curves in the mature vertebral column?
 4. What is unique about C1 and C2?
 5. List/describe rib cage by its using the
4 terms to describe the types.
Quick Quiz: cont.
6. Explain the differences between male
and female pelvis. (Give 4)
7. How does the anatomy of the female
pelvis relate to its physiology?
Upper
Extremity
(shoulder)
 How does it work?
1. Strong ligaments
connect the ball of
humerus and socket
(cup) of scapula.
2. Cartilage on head of
humerus and joint
fluid allows smooth
gliding, no friction
 3. Deltoid and rotator cuff muscles and
their tendons help with this joint.
Shoulder Injuries:
 1. Shoulder is most moveable joint in
body
 2. Easily dislocated because: ball of
upper arm greater than socket that holds
it.
 3. Must be repaired by a reduction
Hand
 Phalanges
(fingers)
 Metacarpals
(body of hand)
 Carpals (wrist)
Foot
 Talus (ankle)
 Tarsals – includes Calcaneus (heel), &
series of bones
 Metatarsals- instep
 Phalanges (toes)
Types of Joints
(Articulation)
 Joint: Union of 2 or more
bones attached primarily
by ligaments
 Union results in
 Free movement (Synovial)
 Semi or little movement
(Cartilaginous)
 No movement (Fixed;
Fibrous)
A. GLIDING (PLANE) JOINT - Permits a sliding motion of one bone over
another. Found at the ends of the collarbones, between wrist bones, and
between anklebones, SI joint, and between ribs 2-7 and sternum.
B. SADDLE JOINT - Permits movement in two planes. This type of joint is
found at the base of the thumb.
C. HINGED JOINT - Permits a back-and-forth motion. The Knee enables your
leg to flex and extend. The Elbow, which allows you to move your forearm
forward and backward. Also within joints of phalanges.
D. PIVOT JOINT - Permits rotation of one bone around another. The elbow
enables your hand to turn over. It also allows you to turn your head from
side to side.
E. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT - circular movement - the widest range of
movement. THE SHOULDER Joint, which enables you to move your arm up,
down, forward and backward, as well as to rotate it in a complete circle.
F. Elipsoid/Condyloid JOINT - Allows for a hinge type movement in two
directions. The joints that connect fingers with the palm and toes with the
soles of feet and mandibular condyl with the fossa on skull.
Types of
Freely
Moveable
Joints
Knee Joint
 Knee has discs of
fibrocartilage
(menisci)= increase
stability of joint
 Ligaments connect
the bones
Synovial
Joint



Ligament
(fibrous)
Synovial fluid
Articular
cartilage
 Periosteum
 Articular
Capsule
made up of:
1. fibrous
capsule
2. Synovial
membrane
What is Rheumatoid
Arthritis?
 chronic, long term swelling leading to
permanent LOF & disability
 Swelling of the synovial lining
(membrane)
 Chronic swelling of joint leads to
thickening of synovium.
What is the cause and
how do I get rid of it?
 Autoimmune disease (not completely
understood)
 Systemic, affecting multiple joints of the
body. Usually it is bilateral. Causes a lot
of pain
 Early, aggressive TX may limit joint
damage= NSAID’s, corticosteroids, gold.
Currently, Methotrexate has replaced
gold as a treatment overall.
Rheumatoid Epidemiology
 Typical age of
onset is 30-50 y.o.
 More than 70% of
are female
 Interestingly, RA
often goes into
remission during
pregnancy,
worsened after
pregnancy.
 Men tend to get
worse cases
though not as
often
Osteoarthritis (degenerative
arthritis) Cause= often from
repetitive use of joints/or
injury
 Breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage
in one or more joints
 Commonly affects hands, feet, spine, and
large-weight bearing bones.
 In US, affects all races equally.
 After age 55: more common in Females
 Prior to age 45: more common in Males
 WHY, WHY, WHY ????
Symptoms of
Osteoarthritis
 May vary with patient/severity, but unlike
RA, OA is limited to the affected joint(s).
 Usually pain, swelling, & stiffness
develop and progress throughout the
day.
 Long periods of inactivity (movie
theaters)
Common areas of OA
 Weight-bearing
 Non-weight bearing
joints
 Carpal & metacarpal
 Knee & Hip- leads to
joints in hands
total joint
 Boney nodules (bone
replacement
spurs) decrease
 Joint of big toe- leads
function
to bunions
 Vertebrae- leads to
bone spurs that
irritate nerve endings
Treatment = osteo
 NSAIDS, Tylenol, other pain meds.
 Nutritional supplements: glucosamine
 Exercise and physical therapy
Treatment for injuries
 Surgical repair:
Arthroscopy uses
camera and
probes to repair
damaged tissue.
 Closed surgery
decreases healing
 Open repair: total
joint replacement.
 Only lasts 15 years
or so
Quick Quiz #2 total:18 pts
 1.Describe the shoulder joint in terms of
the anatomy (3 structures that assist in
physiology of it)
 2.Why are shoulder injuries so common?
 3.What are the 3 types of joints and
describe each?
 4.Describe 4 of the 6 types of synovial
joints and give a location for each
Quick Quiz #2 cont:
 5. Describe 4 structures of the knee joint
(location and how they assist the joint)
 6.What is a sprain? Strain?
 7.Describe 3 structures in a basic
synovial joint.
 8.How does each assist in physiology of
it?
 9.Rheumatoid VS Osteoarthritis: give
symptoms, cause, who gets it, treatments
for each