Periodic Table
Trends and Similarities
Trends of the Periodic Table:
At the conclusion of our time
together, you should be able to:
1. Give a trend across and down the Periodic
Table for metallic characteristics, reactivity,
atomic radius and ion radius, electron
affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity,
density, melting point and boiling point
2. Define each of the terms above
3. Pick the element with the higher trend above
from a list of several elements
15 Helpful Hints On The Lab Report from
Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!
Hint #7. In case of doubt, make it sound
convincing.
Trends In The Periodic Table:
Ionization Energy
Atomic Radius
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity, Etc.
Periodic Trends
Try to determine the trends by looking at the
handouts provided.
Metallic Characteristic Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Increases
Decreases
Conductivity
Shininess
Malleability
Ductility
more reactive
more reactive
Reactivity Of Metals
Reactivity Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Increases with
Metals
Decreases with
Nonmetals
Decreases with
Metals
Increases with
Nonmetals
Redneck News:
The minimum drinking age in Redneck
Country has been raised to 32.
It seems they want to keep alcohol out
of the high schools.
Atomic Radius
Half the distance between the nuclei of two
identical atoms that are bonded together.
Electron – electron repulsion
= larger
Proton – electron attraction
= smaller
Energy level, n, more therefore
= larger
Atomic Radius Vs. Atomic Number
Atomic Radius (pm)
250
K
200
Na
Li
150
Mg
Al Si
Be
100
B C N
OF
50
H
Ca
P S Cl
Ar
Ne
He
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Element
14
16
18
20
Atomic Radius Trends
Periodic Table Trends
Answers
Atomic Radius Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Increases
Decreases
Questions about teenage men
answered by teenage women!!!
Q: What do you call a
handcuffed boyfriend?
A: Trustworthy
Ionic Radius
1.
Cations lose electrons, therefore they tend to
be
Positive Ions – Metals
2.
Anions gain electrons, therefore they tend to
be
Negative Ions – Nonmetals
Ionic Radius Trends
Electron gain = repulsion =
Larger
Electron loss = one less energy level =
Smaller
Ionic Radius Trends
Metals
Nonmetals
Smaller
Larger
Happy Birthday Dirge
Happy Birthday, Happy Birthday,
 So far Death you have bypassed.
 Don’t look back, he’s gaining fast.
 Happy Birthday, Happy Birthday!

Electron Affinity
The energy change that occurs when a neutral
atom acquires an electron.
Most electron affinity values are negative. Energy
is released from the atom.
Atoms that really want another electron tend to be
more negative.
Periodic Table Trends
Answers
Electron Affinity Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Decreases
(less negative)
Increases
(more negative)
Noble Gases = 0
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove one electron from
a neutral atom.
The closer to the nucleus, the harder to pull the
electron.
The farther away, more interference from other
electrons, therefore, the easier it is to pull the
electron.
Ionization Energy Vs. Atomic Number
He
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)
2500
Ne
2000
Ar
F
1500
N
H
Be
1000
O
Cl
C
P S
B
500
Mg Si
Al
Li
Ca
K
Na
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Element
14
16
18
20
Ionization Energy Trends
Ionization Energy Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Decreases
Increases
Electronegativity
A measurement of the ability of an atom in a
chemical compound to attract electrons.
Generally,




Ionization energy + Electron Affinity =
Electronegativity
Most electronegative element – Fluorine (F)
It is assigned the number 4
All other values are based on this value.
Electronegativity Trends
Electronegativity Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Decreases
Increases
Density
Mass of a Material
Divided by
Volume of that Material
Density Trends
Density Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Increase
Increases then
Decreases
Another Redneck Innovation!!!
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a system moves from the
liquid state to the gaseous state. The external
pressure pushing into the liquid is equal to the
internal pressure pushing out of the liquid.
Melting Point
The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
The external pressure pushing into the solid is
equal to the internal pressure pushing out of the
solid.
Boiling Point Trends
Boiling/Melting Point Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Increases except
Groups 1, 2, 12,
13, 14
Increases then
Decreases
Trends of the Periodic Table:
Let’s see if you can:
1. Give a trend across and down the Periodic
Table for metallic characteristics, reactivity,
atomic radius and ion radius, electron
affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity,
density, melting point and boiling point
2. Define each of the terms above
3. Pick the element with the higher trend above
from a list of several elements
Familiar Saying
A member of the species commonly designated
Homo Sapiens who exhibits an insufficiency of
normal sagacity faces imminent separation from
his spendable financial assets.
A fool and his money are soon parted!!
Which of the elements is the
metalloid?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
20%
17
18
fu
r
Su
l
siu
m
20%
M
ag
ne
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Si
li
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
19
20
Which of the elements would be the
least reactive metal?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
20%
Su
l
siu
ag
ne
fu
r
m
20%
M
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Si
li
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the elements would be the
most reactive nonmetal?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
20%
17
18
fu
r
Su
l
siu
m
20%
M
ag
ne
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Sil
i
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
19
20
Which of the elements would have
the largest radius?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
20%
Su
l
siu
ag
ne
fu
r
m
20%
M
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Sil
i
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the elements would have
the highest electronegativity?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
20%
ag
ne
Su
l
siu
fu
r
m
20%
M
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Sil
i
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the elements would have
the lowest ionization energy?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
20%
ag
ne
Su
l
siu
fu
r
m
20%
M
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Sil
i
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the elements would have
the greatest electron affinity (the
most negative number)?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
20%
ag
ne
Su
l
siu
fu
r
m
20%
M
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Sil
i
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the elements would have
the highest metallic character?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
20%
17
18
fu
r
Su
l
siu
m
20%
M
ag
ne
Al
u
m
5.
or
in
e
4.
20%
Ch
l
3.
Sil
i
2.
in
um
Aluminum
Silicon
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sulfur
1.
20%
co
n
20%
19
20
Which of the following would have
the larger radius?
50%
50%
Chlorine
Chlorine Ion
1.
2.
ine
or
l
Ch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
Ch
15
16
17
n
Io
e
in
lor
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the smaller radius?
50%
50%
Lithium
Lithium Ion
1.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
Lit
hi
u
m
Lit
hi
u
Io
n
m
2.
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the smaller radius?
50%
50%
Oxygen
Oxygen Ion
1.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
Ox
yg
e
n
Ox
yg
e
Io
n
n
2.
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the larger radius?
50%
50%
Sodium
Sodium Ion
1.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
So
di
u
m
So
di
u
Io
n
m
2.
15
16
17
18
19
20
Rubidium (n=37) would have all of
the following characteristics except:
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
High Conductivity
High Malleability
High Brittleness
Solid at Room Temperature
1 Valence Electron
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
gh
Hi
n
Co
iv
ct
du
ity
al
gh
Hi
M
i
ab
lit
y
le
gh
Hi
l
So
1
2
21
22
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Br
id
17
it
at
n
tle
s
es
m
m
oo
Te
R
18
ra
pe
1
re
tu
l
Va
ce
en
19
c
Ele
tro
n
20
Bromine (n=35) would have which of
the following characteristics?
s
ro
n
ur
e
ct
El
e
So
l
id
at
7
Ro
Va
om
le
Te
nc
e
m
Br
pe
r
it t
le
at
ili
ty
le
ab
Hi
gh
Hi
gh
Co
nd
5.
M
al
4.
uc
tiv
3.
Hi
gh
2.
ity
High Conductivity
High Malleability
High Brittleness
Solid at Room Temperature
7 Valence Electrons
1.
ne
ss
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1
2
21
22
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the highest melting point?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
in
e
e
17
20%
As
ta
t
Ch
l
Fl
uo
r
5.
20%
Io
di
n
4.
20%
in
e
3.
or
in
e
2.
in
e
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
1.
20%
Br
om
20%
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the lowest density?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
in
e
e
17
20%
As
ta
t
Ch
l
Fl
uo
r
5.
20%
Io
di
n
4.
20%
in
e
3.
or
in
e
2.
in
e
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
1.
20%
Br
om
20%
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the highest density?
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
pt
on
Kr
y
Po
ta
s
siu
m
4.
in
e
3.
Br
om
2.
Iro
n
Potassium
Iron
Bromine
Krypton
1.
18
19
20
Which of the following would have
the lowest boiling point?
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
pt
on
Kr
y
Po
ta
s
siu
m
4.
in
e
3.
Br
om
2.
Iro
n
Potassium
Iron
Bromine
Krypton
1.
18
19
20