A and P Midterm Review
Types of Tissue
• 1. Epithelial tissue: covers and protects the body
surface, lines body cavities, specializes in moving
substance into and out of blood (secretion, excretion,
and absorption), and forms many glands.
• 2. Connective tissue: Supports body and its parts to
hold and connect it together, transport substances and
protect it from foreign invaders.
• 3. Muscle Tissue: produces movement; it moves the
body and its parts. Cells are specialized for contractility
and produce movement by shortening fibers.
• 4. Nervous Tissue: Most complex. Communication
between parts and integration of activities. Major
function is the generation of complex messages form
coordination of body function.
Epithelial Tissue
• Membranes (covering and lining)
• Functions:
▫ 1. Protection – Skin- tough impermeable epithelial
covering
▫ 2. Sensory- In the eye, skin, nose, and ear .
▫ 3. Secretion- glandular
4. Absorption- gut (nutrients) and respiratory
tract (oxygen and CO2 exchange)
▫ 5. Excretion- Kidney tubules, concentrates urine
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Made predominantly of matrix of intercellular
material with few cells ie. The matrix of blood is
plasma
Fibers maybe:
Collagenous- white tough and strong
(ligaments)
Reticular- delicate- surrounding organs
Elastic- vocal cords
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal- Muscle to bone
attachment. Voluntary.
Tissue is striated
• Smooth –Muscle in
organs(visceral tissue),
involuntary, non striated
• Cardiac- Wall of heart.
Striated but involuntary.
Characteristic is intercalated
disc.
Nervous Tissue
• Brain, Spinal cord and nerves
• Basic cell= Nerve cells (NEURONS) and
neuroglia, which are supporting cells.
Cell Organelles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus- plans for proteins, contains DNA
Mitochondria- powerhouse of cell
Lysosomes- recycle material
Golgi- pack sorts and delivers proteins,
Cytoplasma- cushions provides nutrients
Membrane-maintains homeostasis
Vacuole- temporary storage
Skin
Layers of the epidermis
Cell Layers of Epidermis
1. Stratum Corneum (top layer)
 Dead cells filled with keratin (barrier area)
2. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)
cells filled with keratin precursor called eleidin
absent in thin skin.
3. Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
cells arranged 2-3 layers and filled with
keratohyalin granules that contain a high # of
lysosomes ( to digest the cytoplasm as it is
replaced with keratin
Cell layers- epidermis continued
4. Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)
cells arranged in 8-10 layers with prominent
desmosomes (strong connections between cells
appear spiny in microscope): Rich in RNA which
is necessary for the protein synthesis of Keratin.
5. Stratum basale (base layer)
single layer of columnar cells: only these cells
undergo mitosis and then migrate through the
other layers until they are shed.
• 4.The pigment that gives you skin color is called
what?
• 5. What is the purpose of the skeletal system?
Muscular system? Nervous system?
Bone Structure
•
•
Bone tissue is a type of
connective tissue, so it must
consist of cells plus a
significant amount of
extracellular matrix.
Bone cells:
1.
Osteoblasts




Bone-building cells.
Synthesize and secrete
collagen fibers and other
organic components of
bone matrix.
Initiate the process of
calcification.
Found in both the
periosteum and the
endosteum
The blue arrows indicate the
osteoblasts. The yellow arrows
indicate the bone matrix they’ve
Bone Structure
2. Osteocytes




Mature bone cells.
Osteoblasts that
have become
trapped by the
secretion of matrix.
No longer secrete
matrix.
Responsible for
maintaining the
bone tissue.
Yellow arrows
indicate osteocytes –
notice how they are
surrounded by the
pinkish bone matrix.
Blue arrow shows an
osteoblast in the
process of becoming
an osteocyte.
On the right, notice how the
osteocyte is “trapped” within the
pink matrix
3.
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Osteoclasts
Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a
type of white blood cell).
Cells that digest bone matrix – this process is called bone resorption
and is part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance, and
repair.
Concentrated in the endosteum.
On the side of the cell that faces the bone surface, the PM is deeply
folded into a ruffled border. Here, the osteoclast secretes digestive
enzymes (how might this occur?) to digest the bone matrix. It also
pumps out hydrogen ions (how might this occur?) to create an acid
environment that eats away at the matrix. What advantage might a
ruffled border confer?
Why do we want a cell that eats away at bone? (Hint: bone is a very
dynamic tissue.)
Microscopic
Structure of
Compact Bone
• Consists of multiple
cylindrical structural
units known as
osteons or haversian
systems.
• Imagine these
osteons as weightbearing pillars that
are arranged parallel
to one another along
the long axis of a
compact bone.
The diagram below represents a
long bone shaft in cross-section.
Each yellow circle represents an
osteon. The blue represents
additional matrix filling in the space
btwn osteons. The white in the
middle is the marrow cavity.
Osteons
• Each osteon consists of a single
central canal, known as a
haversian canal, surrounded by
concentric layers of calcified
bone matrix.
▫ Haversian canals allow the passage
of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
and nerve fibers.
▫ Each of the concentric matrix
“tubes” that surrounds a haversian
canal is known as a lamella.
▫ All the collagen fibers in a particular
lamella run in a single direction,
while collagen fibers in adjacent
lamellae will run in the opposite
direction. This allows bone to better
withstand twisting forces.
Running perpendicular to the haversian canals are Volkmann’s
canals. They connect the blood and nerve supply in the
periosteum to those in the haversian canals and the medullary
cavity.
Bone Classification
•
4 types of bones:
1.
Long Bones




2.
Much longer than they are
wide.
All bones of the limbs except
for the patella (kneecap),
and the bones of the wrist and
ankle.
Consists of a shaft plus 2
expanded ends.
Your finger bones are long
bones even though they’re
very short – how can this be?
Short Bones


Roughly cube shaped.
Bones of the wrist and the
ankle.
Carpal Bones
Femur 
Bone Classification
•
Types of bones:
3. Flat Bones


Thin, flattened, and
usually a bit curved.
Scapulae, sternum,
(shoulder blades), ribs
and most bones of the
skull.
Sternum
4. Irregular Bones


Have weird shapes that
fit none of the 3 previous
classes.
Vertebrae, hip bones, 2
skull bones ( sphenoid
and the ethmoid bones).
Sphenoi
d Bone
Long Bone
• Labeling
The Motor Unit= Neuromuscular
junctions (nerve meets muscle)
Figure 35-15 The Ear
Section 35-4
Oval
window
Anvil Stirrup
Semicircular canals
Hammer
Cochlear nerve
Cochlea
Bone
Auditory canal
Tympanum
Round window
Eustachian tube
Somatotype- a particular category
of body build and physique
• Endomorph- Heavy rounded physique
characterized by large accumulations of fat in
the trunk and thighs.
• Mesomorph-Muscular physique
• Ectomorph- thin fragile physique
characterized by little body fat accumulation.
Examples
Knee
Tendon
• ATP and Muscle Contraction ppt
3 Major Parts of the brain and their
function
• Cerebrum- conscious
awareness
• Cerebellum- balance,
posture and coordination
of movement.
• Brainstem- Regulates
involuntary activities like
temp, heart rate,
breathing
4 lobes of the brain and their function
• Frontal lobe- intellectual power
•
Temporal Lobe- Primarily hearing and
speech
•
Occipital Lobe- receive and interprets visual
information
•
Parietal lobe- Sensory reception and
processing
JOINTS: Where 2 bones meet.
• Facilitate the movement of bones in relation to
one another.
Attachment of Muscles
• 1. Origin- point of
attachment that does not
move when the muscle
contracts.
• 2. Insertion- point of
attachment that moves
when the muscle
contracts
Movement
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abduct
Adduct
Flex
Extend
Lateral flexion
Rotation
Circumduction
Sarcomere
• Segment of myofibril between two successive Z
lines
• Each myofibril consists of many sarcomeres
• Contractile unit of the muscle fiber
Labeling 
• Body Directional
Terms on Final
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▫
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Brachial
Carpal
Femoral
Posterior
Axillary
Cervical
Orbital
Patellar
Buccal
Lumbar
Anterior
Cranial
Caudal
Neuron
• Label: node of Ranvier, axon, dendrite, synaptic
junction, myelin
Motor Unit
Anatomy of the brain
Motor area
Cerebrum
Sensory area
Speech area
Language area
Vision area
Taste area
Intellect,
learning, and
personality
General
interpretation
area
Hearing
area
Balance
area
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Sarcomere
Human Skeletal Bones
WE ARE DONE!!!
Half way through your
senior year!! It only gets
faster from here.