1 Compare your own needs for survival with the requirements of organisms described in the chapter. (p. 15)
2 Explain the relationship between homeostasis and the internal environment. (p. 17)
3 Describe a general physiological control system, including the role of negative feedback. (p. 18)
4 Explain the control of body temperature. (p. 19)
5 Describe the homeostatic mechanisms that help regulate blood pressure and blood glucose—what do they have in common and how are they different? (p. 19)
6 Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular portions of the body. (p. 20)
7 Identify the cavities within the axial portion of the body. (p. 20)
8 Define viscera.
(p. 20)
9 List the cavities of the head and the contents of each cavity. (p. 20)
10 Name the body cavity that houses each of the following organs: (p. 20) a) Stomach b) Heart c) Brain d) Liver
11 List the four most abundant elements in the human body. (p. 60)
12 Explain the relationship between elements and atoms. (p. 60)
13 Identify the major parts of an atom and indicate where they are found within an atom. (p. 60)
14 Distinguish between atomic number and atomic weight. (p. 60)
15 Define isotope.
(p. 61)
16 An ionic bond forms when . (p. 64) a) atoms share electrons b) positively charged and negatively charged parts of covalent molecules attract c) ions with opposite electrical charges attract d) two atoms exchange protons e) an element has two types of isotopes
17 A covalent bond forms when . (p. 65) a) atoms share electrons b) positively charged and negatively charged parts of covalent molecules attract c) ions with opposite electrical charges attract d) two atoms exchange protons e) an element has two types of isotopes

18 Describe three types of differentiated cells. (p. 84)
19 The three major parts of a cell are . (p. 84) a.
the nucleus, the nucleolus, and the nuclear envelope b.
the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane c.
the lysosomes, ribosomes, and vesicles d.
the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes e.
the cytoplasm, the organelles, and the chromatin
20 Explain the general function of organelles. (p. 84)
21 Define selectively permeable . (p. 87)
22 Describe the structure of a cell membrane and explain how this structural organization provides the membrane's function. (p. 87)
23 List three functions of membrane proteins. (p. 88)
24 State a way that cellular adhesion is essential to health and a way that abnormal cellular adhesion harms health.
(p. 90)
25 Match the following structures with their descriptions: (pp. 91–96)
(1) Golgi apparatus
(2) mitochondria
(3) peroxisomes
(4) cilia
(5) endoplasmic reticulum
(6) cytoskeleton
(7) vesicles
(8) ribosomes
A. sacs that contain enzymes that catalyze a variety of specific biochemical reactions
B. structures on which protein synthesis occurs
C. structures that house the reactions that release energy from nutrients
D. a network of microfilaments and microtubules that supports and shapes a cell
E. a structure that modifies, packages, and exports glycoproteins
F. membrane-bounded sacs
G. a network of membranous channels and sacs where lipids and proteins are synthesized
H. hairlike structures that extend from certain cell surfaces and wave about
26 Distinguish between active and passive mechanisms of movement across cell membranes. (p. 98)
27 Match the movements into and out of the cell on the left with their descriptions on the right. (pp. 100–106)
(1) simple diffusion
(2) facilitated diffusion
A. the cell membrane engulfs a particle or substance, drawing it into the cell in a vesicle
B. movement down a concentration gradient through an ion channel or with a carrier protein, without energy input
C. movement down a concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer (3) filtration
(4) active transport
(5) endocytosis
(6) exocytosis
D. a particle or substance leaves a cell when the vesicle containing it merges with the cell membrane
E. movement against a concentration gradient with a carrier protein and energy input
F. hydrostatic pressure forces small substances through a membrane

28 The period of the cell cycle when DNA replicates is . (p. 109)
1.
G
1
phase
2.
G
2
phase
3.
S phase
4.
prophase
5.
telophase
29 Explain why interphase is not a period of rest for a cell. (p. 109)
30 Explain how meiosis differs from mitosis. (p. 109)
31 Describe the events of mitosis in sequence. (p. 109)
32 ________occur simultaneously. (p. 110)
1.
G
1
phase and G
2
phase
2.
Interphase and mitosis
3.
Cytokinesis and telophase
4.
Prophase and metaphase
5.
Meiosis and mitotic metaphase
33 List five factors that control when and if a cell divides. (p. 111)
34 Define cellular metabolism . (p. 123)
35 Explain how metabolic pathways are linked and intersect. (p. 123)
36 Distinguish between anabolism and catabolism. (p. 123)
37 Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. (p. 124)
38 Give examples of a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction. (p. 124)
39 Describe how an enzyme interacts with its substrate. (p. 125)
40 Define active site . (p. 125)
41 State two factors that influence the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. (p. 125)
42 Define energy . (p. 127)
43 Explain the importance of ATP and its relationship to ADP. (p. 127)
44 Explain how the oxidation of molecules inside cells differs from the burning of substances outside cells. (p. 128)

45 Describe cellular respiration. (p. 128)
46 Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic phases of cellular respiration. (p. 128)
47 Match the part of cellular respiration to the associated activities. (pp. 128-132)
(1) electron transport chain
(2) glycolysis
(3) citric acid cycle
A glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid
B carrier molecules and enzymes extract energy and store it as ATP, releasing water and heat
C pyruvic acid molecules enter mitochondria, where CO
2
and highenergy electrons are released
48 Identify the final acceptor of the electrons released in the reactions of cellular respiration. (p. 132)
49 Excess glucose in cells may be linked and be stored as
50 The genetic code is . (p. 132) a.
the bonding of purine to pyrimidine b.
the correspondence between DNA triplet and amino acid c.
the correspondence between DNA triplet and RNA triplet d.
the controls that determine where the instructions for a protein start and stop e.
unique in each individual
51 DNA information provides instructions for the cell to . (p. 133) a.
manufacture carbohydrate molecules b.
extract energy c.
manufacture RNA from amino acids d.
synthesize protein molecules e.
manufacture DNA from amino acids
52 Distinguish between a gene and a genome. (p. 133)
53 Define gene expression . (p. 133)
54 Distinguish between transcription and translation. (p. 140)
55 Distinguish the functions of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. (p. 142)
56 Describe the function of a ribosome in protein synthesis. (p. 142)
57 List the steps of protein synthesis. (pp. 137–143)
58 Discuss two major ways that mutation occurs. (p. 144)
59 Define DNA damage response . (p. 144)
60 Define tissue . (p. 152)
61 Describe three types of intercellular junctions. (p. 152)

62 Which of the following is a major tissue type in the body? (p. 152) a.
epithelial b.
nervous c.
muscle d.
connective e.
all of the above
63 A general characteristic of epithelial tissues is that . (p. 153) a.
numerous blood vessels are present b.
cells are spaced apart c.
cells divide rapidly d.
there is much extracellular matrix between cells e.
they contain collagenous fibers
64 Distinguish between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium. (p. 153)
65 Explain how the structure of simple squamous epithelium provides its function. ( p. 154 )
66 Match the epithelial tissue on the left to an organ in which the tissue is found. ( pp. 154
–158)
(1) simple squamous epithelium
(2) simple cuboidal epithelium
(3) simple columnar epithelium
A lining of intestines
B lining of ducts of mammary glands
C lining of urinary bladder
(4) pseudostratified columnar epithelium D salivary glands
(5) stratified squamous epithelium
(6) stratified cuboidal epithelium
(7) stratified columnar epithelium
(8) transitional epithelium
(9) glandular epithelium
E air sacs of lungs
F respiratory passages
G part of male urethra
H lining of kidney tubules
I outer layer of skin
67 Distinguish between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. (p. 158)
68 Describe how glands are classified according to the structure of their ducts and the organization of their cells. (p.
158)
69 A gland that secretes substances by exocytosis is a(n) gland. (p. 158) a.
merocrine b.
apocrine c.
holocrine d.
mammary e.
ceruminous
On the exam I will ask one of the following 3 essay questions which you must answer in a minimum of one page which will be provided.
70. In an essay describe DNA mutations and how it affects cancer cells and how it can be associated with age In

In other words why would it support the following statement; the older you are the higher the probabilities of getting cancer?
71. In an essay explain how the structure of phospholipids produces the double-layered structure of a cell membrane and how its characteristics affect the passage of molecules (large molecules, hydrophobic, hydrophilic molecules, water, etc... ).
73. Explain the concept of a reversible reaction. What common anabolic and catabolic reactions are reversible with one another?