Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Essential Question: What happened to Kati Mori at the London Marathon?
Anatomy: structure of body parts
Physiology: function of body parts; what they do and how.
How are they related?
Characteristics (Processes) of Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts
Responsiveness - ability to sense changes and react
Growth - increase in body size
Reproduction - DNA passed from parents to offspring
Respiration - obtaining oxygen (O2)
Digestion - chemically changing (breaking down) food
Absorption -passage of digested products (food) through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation - movement of substances throughout the body
Assimilation -changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances
Excretion - removal of wastes
Video: How a Bean becomes a Fart
1. Why do Beans make you fart?
2. Which of the life processes from the list above were mentioned in the video?
Review the list of life processes and consider Kati Mori’s symptoms.
that you think might be related.
Choose three of the processes
METABOLISM: All physical and chemical changes occuring in an organism
All of these processes require: ENERGY - Where does the energy for our bodily processes come from?
Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
HOMEOSTASIS: Tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment.
Feedback Loops - how the body makes adjustments when the environment changes
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
What is hypnatremia?
How does Kati's story relate to HOMEOSTASIS?
Which of the 10 life processes were compromised in Kati's situation?
Levels of Organization (from simplest to most complex)
Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules →Organelles → Cells →Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems →
Organism
General Organization of the Body:
Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk | Appendicular Portion - arms & legs
1. Several body cavities and layers of membranes within cavities
2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities
(VISCERA = internal organs. also: "visceral organs")
What does "eviscerate" mean?
Body Cavities (see p.9)
Dorsal Cavity | Ventral Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity - right and left separated by mediastinum.
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity (abdominal + pelvic cavity)
DIAPHRAGM - separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
SEROUS MEMBRANE - two layers, covers organs
outer layer = PARIETAL layer and forms a "lining"
inner layer = VISCERAL layer, covers the surface of organs
1. Pleura (or pleural membrane) - surrounds the lungs
2. Pericardium (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the heart
3. Peritoneum (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
*Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called SEROUS FLUID
How does this system maintain
homeostasis?
ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Integumentary
Body covering. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.
- protect underlying tissues, regulate body
temperature
2. Skeletal
Bones, ligaments, cartilage
- Support, movement, protection; production of
blood cells
3. Muscular
Muscles of the body
- Movement, posture, production of body heat
4. Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Communication, mental activities
5. Endocrine
Glands = pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries,
testes
- Secretion of hormones, chemical
communication
6. Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
- Breakdown of food (digestion), absorbtion
7. Circulatory
Heart, blood vessels, blood.
- Transports materials throughout the body.
8. Lymphatic
( Immune System) - fights infections
8. Urinary
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- filters wastes from the blood, maintains water
balance
9. Reproductive
Reproductive organs, primarily the ovaries
(females) and testes (males)
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position
Superior / Inferior
Medial / Lateral
Anterior/ Posterior
Proximal / Distal
Superficial / Deep
Sagittal | Transverse | Frontal (coronal)
*Learn to Identify and Describe the Body Regions (Body Regions Handout)
*Learn the names of specialized medical fields. (Medical and Applied Science)