Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another .
Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism.
For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.

• Definition = imaginary lines drawn through the body to separate the body into sections.

Anterior and ventral –
Posterior or dorsal -
Cranial and caudal -
Superior and inferior -
Directions/Position
Medial and lateral -
Proximal and distal -
Superficial or external body
Deep or internal front or in front of back or in back of cranial:head end caudal: tail end superior: upper or above inferior: lower or below medial: toward the midline lateral: away from midline proximal: toward the trunk distal: farthest from trunk on or near the surface of inside or about a body cavity

•Median/Saggittal Plane – divides body into right & left parts.
•Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides into anterior and posterior portions
•Transverse/Horizontal Plane – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.
Anatomical position

Planes and Sections

A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

A vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Divides the body into right and left parts.

The urinary bladder is found in the pelvic cavity

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.

Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine.

• The second largest hollow space of the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular & membranous partition, the diaphragm.
• It contains the lungs, the middle & lower airways —the tracheobronchial tree —the heart , the vessels transporting blood between the heart and the lungs, the great arteries bringing blood from the heart out into general circulation, and the major veins into which the blood is collected for transport back to the heart.

• The space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.

Where the brain is located.

Contains the brain and spinal cord

• upper left quadrant
ULQ
• lower left quadrant
LLQ
• upper right quadrant
URQ
• lower right quadrant
LRQ

The second way of dividing the abdominal surface is into 9 regions:
• left hypochondriac LH
• left lumbar LL
• left iliac (inginal) LI
• epigastric E
• umbilical U
• hypogastric H
• right hypochondriac RH
• right lumbar RL
• right iliac (inginal)RI

Abdominal/Pelvic Regions
• Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone)
• Right Hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs.
• Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus
• Right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar pain.) and on either side of the umbilical region
• Hypogastric – the pubic area
• Right & Left Iliac regions are located on both sides of the hypogastric region.

Body Tissues and Membranes
1H03.02

• Cells
• Tissues
– Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
• Organs
– Examples include stomach, liver, heart
• Organ Systems
– Examples include digestive and circulatory systems

• Epithelial
– Covering or lining tissue
• Connective
I.e. adipose, cartilage, tendons & ligaments
– Joins, stores and supports
• Muscle
– Internal and external movement
• Nerve
– Conducts electrical signals
Blood
Muscle
Nerve

Firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

White bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone.

A type of connective tissue that stores fat cells

• Strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints

Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body

Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue

• Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces.

• SEROUS MEMBRANES
– double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities.
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
– lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs.

• 1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the
PARIETAL membrane.
• 2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.

Lines the heart cavity & protects the heart.

Lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs.

Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining.

• ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function
 
Integumentary
 
Skeletal
 
Muscular
 
Digestive
 
Respiratory
 
Circulatory- most complex
 
Excretory
 
Nervous- brain nerves and spinal cord
 
Endocrine- makes hormones
 
Reproductive

Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia

Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius

Villi
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Pharynx
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine

Nasal Passage
Larynx
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchus

Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
Nephron
Kidney

Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Cerebellum
Dendrite
Axon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier
Axon terminals

Hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis

Fallopian tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Anterior View
Sagitt al
View
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina