Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
Anatomy
The branch of science that
deals with the structure of
body parts
Their forms and
arrangements
Physiology
Deals with the functions
of body parts
What they do and how
Human Organism
A well-organized unit of
body parts
Characteristics of Life:
(10)
*Movement
Self-initiated change in
position
*Responsiveness
The ability to sense
changes and react
*Growth
An increase in body size
*Reproduction
*Respiration
Obtaining oxygen and
using it in the release of
energy from food
*Digestion
Food chemically changed
into forms that can be
absorbed by the body
*Absorption
The passage of
substances through
membranes
*Circulation
Movement of body fluids
*Assimilation
Changing absorbed
substances into forms that
are chemically different
from those that entered
the body fluids
*Excretion
Removal of wastes that
are produced by body
parts
Metabolism
Physical and chemical
changes in the body
Maintenance of Life
Organisms need:
*Water (the most
abundant substance in the
body), food, oxygen, heat,
pressure
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain a
stable internal
environment
Ex. shivering, goose
bumps, sweat, etc.
Levels of Organization:
Small to large
Atoms, molecules,
macromolecules, organelle,
cell, tissue, organ, system,
organism
Body Divisions
Axial Portion
Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular Portion
Arms and legs
Body Cavities
Cavity
A natural hollow place
within the body
Page 8 Figure 1.6
Page 9 Figure 1.7
2 Major Cavities Within
the Axial Portion:
Dorsal & Ventral Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Can be divided into 2
cavities:
Cranial-houses brain
Spinal-spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
Divided into 2 cavities:
Thoracic-chest
Abdominopelvic-abdomen,
pelvis
Small Head Cavities
Oral- teeth, tongue
Nasal-right, left nose
Orbital-eyes
Middle Ear-bones
Membrane
A thin, soft, pliable layer
of tissue
Parietal Pleura
Membrane that lines the
thoracic compartments
Visceral Pleura
Membrane that lines the
lungs
Mediastinum
Separates the thoracic
cavity into 2
compartments
The compartments
contain right & left lungs
Pericardial Membrane
Surrounds the heart
Peritoneal Membrane
The lining membranes of
the abdominopelvic cavity
Organ Systems
Humans consist of several
organ systems
Made up of organs that
work together to provide
a specialized function
Integumentary System
Includes skin, hair, nails,
sweat glands, sebaceous
glands
These parts protect
underlying tissues and
help regulate body
temperature. They also
house sensory receptors
Skeletal System
Consists of bones as well
as ligaments and cartilage
Serve as attachments for
muscles
Provide protection/support
Tissues within bones
produce blood cells
Muscular System
Muscles are the organs of
this system
By contracting and pulling
their ends together, they
provide the forces that
cause body movements
*posture, body heat
Nervous System
Includes the brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and sense
organs
Nerve cells use chemical
signals (nerve impulses)
to communicate with each
other
Endocrine System
Includes all glands that
secrete chemical
messages called
Hormones
(they travel in fluid)
Includes the pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, pineal, & thymus
glands, pancreas, ovaries,
testes
The endocrine and
nervous systems integrate
and coordinate to allow
the body to act as a unit
Digestive System
Receives food from
outside
Converts to useful &
simpler molecules to be
absorbed & passed on
Includes the Mouth,
tongue, teeth, salivary
glands, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas,
small and large intestines
Respiratory System
Provide intake and
output of air for the
exchanges of gases
between blood and air
Includes the nasal
cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi/lungs
Circulatory System
It’s a muscular pump that
forces blood through vessels
Blood transports gases,
nutrients, hormones, and
wastes
Includes the heart,
arteries, veins,
capillaries, blood
Lymphatic System
Carries fluid
Includes lymphatic
vessels, lymph fluid,
lymph nodes, thymus
gland, spleen
Lymphatic organs also
aid the body in
defending the body
against infections by
removing
microorganisms from
tissue fluids (WBCs)
Lymphocytes
Cells of the lymphatic
system
Urinary System
Maintains water,
electrolyte and acid-base
balances (kidneys)
Includes the kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
Reproductive System
Process of producing
offspring (progeny)
Male:
produces/maintains
sex cells (sperm)
Includes the scrotum,
testes, epididymides,
vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, prostate
glands, penis, urethra
Female:
Provide support and
development of embryo and
functions in birth process
Produce/maintain sex cells
(eggs)
Includes the ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, clitoris, vulva
Handout on Relative
Position!