Body Systems
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Anatomy and Physiology
 Anatomy: The study of
the parts of the body
 Physiology: The
function of the body
 Anatomical Position:
Standing erect with
face forward, arms at
the side, palms
forward.
Anatomic Terminology
Position and Direction
 Anterior or Ventral:
Front or in front of
 Posterior or Dorsal:
Back or in back of
 Cranial: refers to the
head of the body
 Caudal: means tail end
 Superior: upper or
above something
 Inferior: lower or
below something
Anatomical terms cont.
 Medial: toward the
midline
 Lateral: toward the side
of the body
 Proximal: toward the
point of attachment to
the body or the trunk of
the body
 Distal: away from the
point of attachment to
the body
 Superficial: (external)
near the surface or
outside of the body
 Deep (internal) inside
the body
Body planes and Sections
 Planes: imaginary
anatomical dividing
planes
 Section: cut made
through the body
in the direction of a
certain plane
 Sagittal Plane:
divides the body
into right and left
parts
Planes and Sections
 Coronal (Frontal)
Plane: vertical cut at
right angles to saggital
plane, divides the
body into anterior and
posterior portions.
 Transverse planescross-section a
horizontal cut that
divides the body into
upper and lower parts.
Cavities of the Body
 Dorsal Cavity: contains
the brain and spinal
cord- the brain is in
the cranial cavity and
the spinal cord is in
the spinal cavity.
 Anterior or Ventral
Cavity contains the
Thoracic and
Abdominopelvic
cavities.
Cavities
 The thoracic cavity contains the
lungs and heart
 Abdominal Cavity: contains stomach,
intestines, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas
 Pelvic Cavity: contains the urinary
bladder, and reproductive organs.
Abdomino
-pelvic
Cavity
Regions
Tissues
 Tissues: cells
grouped because
they are similar in
shape, size,
structure, and
function.
Tissues
Epithelial
Tissue
Connective Muscle
Tissue
Tissue
Nervous
Tissue
Protects the
body by
covering
internal and
external
surfaces and
produces
secretions.
Supports and
connects organs
and tissue
Cells that react
to stimuli and
conduct an
impulse
Has the ability
to contract
and move the
body
Connective Tissue
 Adipose Tissue: type of connective tissue that
stores fat cells
 Ligaments: strong, flexible bands of connective
tissue that hold bones firmly together at the
joints
 Tendons: white bands of connective tissue
attaching skeletal muscle to bone
 Cartilage: firm, flexible support of the
embryonic skeleton and part of the adult
skeleton
Membranes
 Membranes are
formed by putting
two thin layers of
tissue together,
cells may secrete a
fluid.
Types of membranes
 Mucous
membrane: lines
the digestive,
respiratory,
reproductive, and
urinary systems
produces mucous
to lubricate and
protect the lining.
Types of membranes cont.
 Serous membranes:
double walled
membrane produces a
watery fluid, lines
closed body cavities
1. The outer part of the
membrane that lines
the cavity is the
Parietal membrane
2. The part that covers
the organs is the
Visceral membrane.
More membranes
 Pleural Membrane:
lines the thoracic or
chest cavity and
protects the lungs
 Pericarial membrane:
lines the heart cavity
and protects the heart
 Peritoneal membrane:
lines the abdominal
cavity and protects
abdominal organs
Organ and System
 Organ system: a group of organs
which act together to perform a
specific, related function.
 Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular,
Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory,
Excretory, Nervous, Endocrine, and
Reproductive.
Guess the system….
Circulatory
Carries oxygen
and
nourishment
to the cells of
the body.
Respiratory
System
Acquires oxygen, rids the
body of carbon dioxide.
Integumentary
System
Helps regulate body
temperature,
establishes a barrier
between the body
and environment.
Nervous System
Communicates,
control body
activity.
Skeletal
System
Gives shape to
the body.
Endocrine System
Manufactures hormones
to regulate organ activity.
Muscular
System
Determines
posture,
produces body
heat.
Excretory System
Removes waste
products of
metabolism from the
body.
Digestive System
Prepares food for
absorption.
Reproductive
System
Reproduces human
beings.