By Mrs. Shaw
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The 4 main macromolecules (molecules
found in larger quantities in living things) of
living things are
Carbohydrates – primary energy source
Lipids – help waterproof our cells
Proteins – help regulates cell processes and
chemical reactions
Nucleic acids – Nucleic acids store and
transmit hereditary or genetic information.
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Prokaryotes are
simple, very small,
lack a nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles, and are
able to carry out
all of life’s
functions within a
single cell.
Most common
example is
bacteria.
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Simple
Eukaryotes are complex, larger,
cells that have a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
Most eukaryotic organisms
require many cells to carry out
all of life’s functions.
Some examples include
protozoans, algae, all plants,
Complex
and all animals.
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Photosynthesis: autotrophic organisms
use light to MAKE their own food.
(glucose a carbohydrate)
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Chemosynthesis: autotrophic organisms
use chemicals to MAKE their own food.
(glucose a carbohydrate)
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Cellular Respiration: ALL
organisms take the glucose and
create energy (ATP) for all the
functions of a cell.
It happens in the Mitochondria of
ALL eukaryotic cells and in the
plasma (cell) membrane of
prokaryotic cells 
Some organisms require Oxygen
for cellular respiration (aerobic)
and some do not require Oxygen
(anaerobic)
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Some of them produce Oxygen through
photosynthesis
They directly or indirectly feed most living
organisms.
They help recycle nutrients from decaying
organisms back into the atmosphere, water,
and soil.
Notes 
◦ Biologists recognize
three main classes of
symbiotic relationships in
nature: mutualism,
parasitism, and
commensalism.
◦ together.”
Notes 
Mutualism: When both organisms benefit
+
Parasitism: when one benefits and the other is
harmed
+
Commensalism: When one organism benefits
and the other is not effected
+ 
Body divided in 2 halves
Circular symmetry
No pattern
The 4 Kingdoms of Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Animalia
Examples:
algae and
protozoans
Examples:
ALL
ANIMALS
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Examples:
molds and
mushrooms
Examples –
ALL PLANTS
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Osculum – Large
central opening
that water flows out
of
◦ Gas exchange,
excretion, feeding, &
reproduction all
depend on water flow
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Atrium – central
open cavity
Ostia – Pores water
flows into
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Spongin
◦ Elastic protein in the sponge body
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Spicules
◦ skeletal structure – gives support
◦ embedded in body
◦ made up of silica or calcium
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Choanocyte (collar cell)
◦ collar traps food particles
◦ flagella creates water flow
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4.
5.
6.
7.
_____________________ the open
central cavity of a sponge
_______________ the soft protein
network that makes the sponge
flexible
_____________________ type of
asexual reproduction in sponges
where buds form on adult sponges
_______________ pores that filter
water into the sponge
_____________________ opening at the
top of sponge where water comes
out
______________________ harder
structure that provide support and
protection
__________________ also called collar
cells, function to circulate water
Modes of
Reproductio
n
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
 Binary Fission: means “division in half” and
refers to the method where cells divide into
two nearly identical daughter cells. Most
common in prokaryotes (bacteria)
Binary Fission
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Budding
Budding: new organism develops from an
outgrowth or bud on another one due to
cell division at one particular site. The new
organism remains attached as it grows,
separating from the parent organism only
when it is mature.
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Have two body plans – medusa and polyp
Have stinging cells called nematocysts
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Divide the class into 4 groups. Each student puts
their name into one of the bins.
We will take turns answering questions between
the two teams. I will choose the student from the
bin and then they will be asked a question.
If the student gets the question correct then their
team gets 1 point. They then get to shoot the
trashketball either from location X for a 3 point
throw or location Y for a 1 point throw.
 What
type of organism is
classified under Phylum
Porifera?
 What
Phylum are jellyfish
classified under?
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What is another term for decay
bacteria?
 What
type of symmetry do
humans have?
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The pores on the side of a sponge that let
water in are called______________.
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The open central cavity in a sponge is called
the _________________.
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Cnidarians have two basic body plans
_________________ and _____________________.
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The fingerlike projections in a cnidarian
where the nematocysts are located are called
_____________________.
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What kingdom are algae classified under?
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Why are microorganisms like Cyanobacteria
and Photosynthetic Algae so important to us?
 Place
your wager for the
final question.
 You
may discuss it with
your team 
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List the 3 functions of microorganisms that
we discussed.
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Mollusca means soft bodied. Molluscs are unique
because they have a mantle, radula (except
bivalves), and a muscular foot.
1. List the three classes of molluscs that we
studied and give an example of each.
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Class Gastropoda – snails
Class Bivalvia – oysters and clams
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Class Cephalopoda – octopus and squid
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What 3 things make an Arthropod unique?
◦ Jointed appendages
◦ Exoskeleton
 Made of chitin (like your fingernails)
 Does not grow with the animal
◦ Molting
 Process of shedding the exoskeleton so that the animal
can grow bigger
◦ Examples: Common names: crab, lobster, barnacles,
shrimp, crawfish, horseshoe crab
What 3 things make an Echinoderm unique?
◦ Water vascular system
 Series of tubes that contain water which control tube
feet
◦ Tube feet
 Muscular extensions of the water vascular system
◦ Pedicellaria
 Pincher like appendages used for defense
 Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins
1. List 3 reasons why seagrasses and
mangroves are so important in aquatic
ecosystems. They create oxygen through
photosynthesis, they are a nursery ground for
many organisms, they help prevent erosion.
2. Know the diagram of the seagrass structure
on the right.
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What are the three types of mangroves we
studied and where do the live in relation to the
water.
In the water____________ on the shoreline_____________
on land_____________
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Define prop root, pneumatophore, and
propagule.
__________________________The fertilized seed of
a mangrove plant containing an embryo and
capable of germination to produce a new plant.
_________________________ Above ground roots
that provide mechanical support to the plant.
________________________ A root often functioning
as a respiratory organ in a wetland plant.
What 4 things make a Chordate unique?
Notochord
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supportive rod that extends most of the length of
the body and into tail; dorsal to body cavity
Pharyngeal gill slits
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openings between pharynx and outside of body
Tubular nerve cord
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hollow portion filled w/fluid
Post anal tail
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extension of nerve cord and notochord past anus
Examples: All fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals.
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Get into groups of 2-3 and grab a whiteboard
and a dry erase marker.
Put your study guide away 
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List 3 reasons why seagrasses and mangroves
are so important in aquatic ecosystems.
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What are the three types of mangroves we
studied and where do they live in relation to
the water?
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Differentiate between a pneumatophore and
a propagule.
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List the three classes of molluscs that we
studied and give an example of each.
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List 2 things make an Arthropod unique and
give an example of an arthropod.
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List 2 things make an Echinoderm unique and
give an example of an echinoderm.
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List 2 things make an Chordate unique and
give an example of a marine chordate.
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What Phylum is this organism classified
under?
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What Phylum is this organism classified
under?
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What Phylum is this organism classified
under?
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Final Jeopardy – place your wager on the final
question
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In the movie Blackfish, we learned that it is
both harmful and unsafe to keep Killer
Whales in captivity. List 3 facts that they
used in the documentary to help support this
claim.