05-FIRST 2 YEARS
BIOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
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Body
Brain
Senses
Good health
BODY CHANGES
SIZE
• 2X birth weight by 4 months
• 3X birth weight by age 1
• 4X birth weight by age 2
HEAD SPARING
• If starving, the body stops growing, but not the brain
• The brain is the last part of the body to be
damaged by malnutrition
SLEEP
• Good sleep = good health
• Newborns sleep 15 – 17 hours
• REM sleep
• Rapid eye movement
• Flickering of closed eyes
• Rapid brain waves
• Dreaming
• ½ of newborn sleep is REM sleep
• Declines with age
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
NEURONS
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Basic nerve cell in central nervous system
Axons
Dendrites
Synapses
• Intersection on neurons (axons & dendrites)
• Neurotransmitters
• Chemical messengers
• Carry information from one neuron to another
• Transient Exuberance & Pruning
• Transient Exuberance – Increases dendrites
• Pruning – Misconnected dendrites atrophy and die
BRAIN STRUCTURE
BRAIN STEM
• Automatic responses
• Heartbeat
• Breathing
• Temperature
CORTEX
• Outer layer of the brain
• Activities
• Thinking
• Feeling
• Sensing
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Visual
Auditory
Sensory
Motor
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
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Last to develop
Assists with self-control of impulses
Reasoning
Analysis
Ethics
FUSIFORM FACE AREA
• Face perception
• “Own race effect”
• From experience
EXPERIENCE
• Types of experiences
• Experience-expectant
• The brain expects and needs certain experiences to
develop.
• Based on experiences all infants have (e.g. being talked to)
• E.g. Being talked to results in learning language
• Experience-dependent
• Culture based
• E.g. Which language is learned
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
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Life threatening
Blood vessels rupture in the brain
Neural connections beak
“Abusive Head Trauma”
SENSORY & MOTOR SKILLS
SENSATION-PERCEPTION-COGNITION
• Sensation
• Detects stimulus
• Perception
• Processes the stimulus
• Based on experience
• Cognition (Thinking)
• Gives meaning to the stimulus
MOTOR SKILLS
• Gross motor skills
• Large muscles
• E.g. walking
• Muscle strength
• Brain maturation
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(Motor cortex)
• Practice
• Fine motor skills
• Small muscles
• E.g writing
VISION
• Least developed at birth
GOOD HEALTH
IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATIONS)
• Creates antibodies for specific contagious diseases
by stimulating the immune system.
• The flu
• Chicken pox
• Polio
• Risk of disease is much greater than risk from
immunization
BREAST FEEDING
• Breast is best
• Colostrum
• High calorie fluid – first 3 days
• Milk
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Rich in iron & vitamins
Provides antibodies (if mother has antibodies)
Decreases risk of allergies, asthma, and stomach aches
Decreases risk of obesity and heart disease in adulthood
(many other factors involved)