pg. 50
Elements

Element – substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler chemical substances
Four elements of life

There are 4 basic elements that make
up 96% all living things:
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Carbon
HONC
Compounds

Compounds – two or more different elements
 NaCl – sodium and chlorine (table salt)
Mixtures and Solutions

Mixture – substances are combined, but
keep their own properties (sand and sugar)

Solution (homogenous mixtures) – one
substance is dissolved in another, can be
separated by distillation (water and sugar)
Review: Mixtures and Solutions

kool-aid is an example of a: _________

Colors of M&M’s is an example of a: __________
pH

pH – a measure of how acidic or basic
something is
Acids and Bases
Acid – substance with a pH below 7
 Base – substance with a pH above 7

 A solution is neutral if the pH is exactly 7
Mini-Quiz
1.) An orange has a pH of 4, acid or base?
2.) A battery has a pH of 2, acid or base?
3.) Soap has a pH of 9, acid or base?
4.) Sugar in tea is a mixture or solution?
5.) Salt and pepper is a mixture or solution?
6.) What does HONC stand for?
Quiz
1. 4 elements of life: Hydrogen, carbon, _________,
_________
2. You stir together flour and sugar for a cake. What is
this an example of?
3. An orange has a pH of 6.3. Is this an acid or base?
4. CO2, H2O, and NO2 are examples of ___________
5. Give 2 examples of a starch:
6. What are the 4 biomolecules of life?
7. What do proteins make for your body?
8. What pH is neutral?
9. _________ changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
10. Why are lipids important to living things?
Review (pg. 15)
The 5 Characteristics of Life
The 5 steps of the Scientific Method
Hypothesis
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Adaptation
The different between a mixture and a solution
The difference between an acid and a base
The 4 basic elements (HONC)
The 4 important biomolecules and why they’re so
important to living things
 Starch/Cellulose
 Enzymes
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Pg. 51
Carbohydrates
1.) Carbohydrate – a sugar, starch, or cellulose
that is a source of energy for an animal or
plant
Monomer- Saccharides

Starch – used to store energy in plant cells
(like potatoes) that we can eat to get carbs

Glucose/Fructose – complex sugars
List 5 sources of carbohydrates:
Cereal
 Bread
 Desserts
 Rice
 Pasta, macaroni
 Potatoes
 French Fries
 Beans
 Pancakes
 Cake

Carb Diets (Facts)

Carbs are only needed if you’re doing LOTS of
athletic activities. Otherwise, you can get your
daily energy from protein.

There are good carbs, like from fruits, veggies,
and whole grains. Starchy carbs from potatoes,
bread, and rice are harder to burn.

Watch empty carbs. Soda’s and cookies that have
carbs are adding extra pounds with no energy
given to your body.

carbohydrates
Lipids
2.) Lipids – fat, oil, wax, steroids are all lipids
- can’t dissolve in water!

Important: they store energy, keep us warm,
and protect organs
List 5 sources of lipids:
Cooking oil
 Fried foods
 Egg yolk
 Whole milk
 Junk food
 Medical steroids
 Illegal steroids
 Cheese

Fat Facts

Check labels for the word Hydrogenated, these
are very bad and lead to heart problems

Limit saturated fats like fatty meats and whole
milk

Calories are the best thing to watch, not carbs.
Very fatty fried foods are low in carbs, but very
high in calories

Lipids video
Nucleic Acids
4.) Nucleic acid – stores cellular information in a
code
 The most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
List 5 sources of nucleic acids:
Any living (or formally living) thing!
 Meat
 Plants

video

NucleicAcids
Proteins
3.) Protein is an important part of every cell in the
body.
 Hair, claws, horns, nails are made of protein.
 Your body uses protein to build and repair tissues.
 Protein is an important building block of bones,
muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood.
 Some hormones are proteins
Amino acids- Monomers of
proteins
There are 20 amino
acids
 They combine to form
all of the proteins.

Enzymes

Enzymes - important proteins, change the
rate of a chemical reaction (speed up)
Enzyme-substrate interaction
Enzyme activity

.

enzymes
List 5 sources of Proteins
Chicken
 Steak
 Fish
 Ham
 Bacon
 Sunflower seeds
 Peanuts
 Peanut butter
 Pork chop

Protein Facts

The best protein is found in fish, chicken, nuts,
and beans
 Red meat (like steak) often has too much fat to make
the protein worth it

Eating protein doesn’t automatically make
muscle. Exercise makes muscle, protein
provides the fuel.

You should eat around 5-6 ounces, 7 ounces if
you’re building muscle.
Video

Proteins
Quiz
1. Which carbohydrate has two sugars?
2. You stir together flour and sugar for a cake. What is
this an example of?
3. An orange has a pH of 6.3. Is this an acid or base?
4. Give two examples of a starch.
5. Name one reason why lipids are important?
6. List the 4 biomolecules of life.
7. Name one reason proteins are essential to life.
8. CO2, H2O, and NO2 are examples of ___________
9. What does cellulose form?
10. List the 4 basic elements of living things.
pg. 36
Water

Water is sticky! Water molecules hold onto
each other very tightly
 They do this using a hydrogen bond
Water Bonds
 Most important: allows
water to creep up
small tubes, like plant
stems
○ Even the tallest trees
get water
Diffusion

Diffusion – movement of particles from an
area of higher concentration, to an area of a
lower concentration
Diffusion
Diffusion is slow because it relies on random
movements
 After a while the substance becomes balanced
in both areas, then diffusion stops

Diffusion in life

Diffusion is one of the ways cells move things in
and out of the cell
Cell’s

Selectively permeable – the cell
membrane allows some things in and keeps
other things out
 Uses diffusion!
Diffusion Examples
 1.
 2.
3

Examples:
Purfume
 Smell of food

Atoms

Atoms – smallest particle of an element
 The basic building blocks of all matter
Parts of an Atom

Nucleus – the center of an atom, it is
made up of:
 Protons – positively charged particles
 Neutrons – particles with no charge

Electrons – circle around the nucleus,
are negatively charged
Parts of an Atom
Electron
Nucleus
-- protons
-- neutrons