Warm Up Question
• What is skepticism? (define)
• What is an event or idea that you are skeptical
about?
• Define Reformation.
The Protestant Reformation
Background to the
Reformation
The Church and the Revolt
Reformers
•Objective:
•Define the Reformation, place it in historical context, and
explain how it emerged as a result of the spread of humanism
into Northern Europe.
What is the Reformation?
• Religious upheaval
that sought to reform
the Church and
eventually formed a
new branch of
Christianity.
• 1500 – 1600
Lutheran
Anglican
Catholic
Calvinist
Christianity
The Church before…
• The Popes compete for Political Power
– Fought wars, purchase art and architecture for
prestige (St. Peter’s Basilica, etc), get caught up in
political intrigue…..
• To pay for the art, wars, and lavish lifestyles
the church increase fees, and begin selling
Indulgences
• Corruption of the Clergy- leaders within the
Church
– Regularly go to brothels
– Many have mistresses and illegitimate children
– Give up on education
• Some Priest can not even read
Popes of the Renaissance
Examples of Corruption
• Pope Alexander VI – had several
mistresses and fathered 7 children.
• Sixtus IV – imposed a license on
brothels and a special tax on any
priest who had a mistress.
• Innocent VIII – “sold” a cardinal's
seat to the Medici family, Giovanni
de Medici (later Pope Leo X) who
was 13 yrs old at the time.
Indulgence – a piece of paper that the church
sold to lessen the time a soul would have to spend in
purgatory (a place you atoned for your sins before
going to heaven)
• Situation:
– Both you and your friend get in trouble and are
sent to the principles office. The principal gives
you two options
• 1. spend a week in detention
• 2. give a $100 “donation” to the new school building
project
OR
Nepotism - is favoritism granted to relatives or
friends, with no regard to merit
Situation • You and your friend have both applied for a job
at your local restaurant but there is only one
position available….
– Your friend is related to the chief but you have
experience as a waiter (waitress). How do you get
the job?
• 1. Write a great resume and get a recommendation from
your last restaurant job.
• 2. Call your aunt who is related to the owner and ask her
to help you get hired (maybe include a bribe)
Objective:
Identify Martin Luther, his central complaint against the Catholic Church, and
his actions to reform the Catholic Church.
How did the Reformers seek to change
the Church?
Reform led by Martin Luther
(German monk and Professor) &
other low level Catholic Clergy
• Complained mainly about the
secularism that had crept into
Catholicism
– Indulgences
– Not living with vows
– Not focusing on education
Martin Luther
• Started publishing
pamphlets asking for reform
– 95 Theses – Martin Luther’s
major work against
indulgences (1517)
– The Institutes of the
Christian Religion
• Continued by suggesting the
formation of new churches
outside of Catholicism
– A new branch was called
Protestantism (for their
protests)
Martin Luther
• Religious Implications
– Pope did not speak for God
– Church and priesthood not
necessary for salvation
– God’s grace given to all who
seek it
• Political Consequences
– Peasant war
– Northern Europe became
Protestant
Martin Luther
• Suppression by the Pope
• Diet of Worms (a meeting at
Worms, Germany)
– Charles V ordered
Luther to recant
– Luther goes into
hiding
• Refusal to submit
– Excommunication
“Unless I am proved wrong by
scripture or by evident reason, then I
am a prisoner in conscience to the
word of God. I cannot retract and I
will not retract. To go against the
conscience is neither safe nor right.
God help me. Amen.”
Martin Luther
Warm Up - Reformation
• Terms:
– Try to define the following terms in your
own words without looking at your
notes…
– Define what an Indulgence is.
– Define what Nepotism is.
– Define Protestantism.
• Questions:
1.
2.
3.
How many different types of
Protestantism do you know of?
Why do you think there are so many
types of Protestantism?
Why would Protestantism spread so
quickly in Europe? (Remember how the
Renaissance spread)
Protestant and Catholics differed on
some main points…..
Protestant
Catholic
Faith lead to heaven
(sola fide)
Faith and good deeds lead to heaven
Anyone can read and interpret the Bible
Only the Catholic Church can interpret the
Bible
Get to the basics: only the Bible matters
(sola scriptura)
The Bible and church rituals matter
Head of Church = Elected Council
Head of Church = Pope
Sacraments – accept some but reject
7 sacraments:
others…. Only God can erase sin. Sin can not Baptism, confirmation, marriage,
be erased through ritual (no confession)
ordination, communion, anointing the sick
and confession.
Leaders of the Reformation & Counter Reformation
Erasmus
John Calvin
Henry VIII
Martin Luther
Ignatius Loyola
Sir Thomas More
Man & his
Sect
Desiderius
Erasumus
(no sect)
Martin
Luther
__________
John Calvin
__________
Henry VIII
__________
Ignatius
Loyola
__________
Location(s)
Major work & Unique beliefs or
Year of Pub.
traditions
Main opposition
reason for
disagreement
The man and
his _sect_
Location(s)
Netherlands
Erasmus
(no sect)
Major work &
year pub.
The Praise of
Folly
1509
Unique beliefs or
Main opposition &
traditions
reason for disagreeing
 Get back to
 Clergy & monks:
the roots: the
cared more about
Bible
appearance than
religion
 Too many
people in
 Merchants: were
society were
corrupt and
charged unfair rates
secular and
had forgotten  Theologians: lost
religion
knowledge of Bible

Luther
Lutheranism
Holy Roman
Empire
“The 95
Theses”

1517

Indulgences

needed to be
reformed
Priests could
no longer
read

Priests were
too secular
and were
breaking their
vows
Catholic Church:
brought Luther to
trial at Worms and
excommunicated
him
Holy Roman
Emperor: was
pope’s close friend
and supporter

Calvin
Calvinism
France and
Switzerland
The Institutes
of the
Christian
Religion

1536

Henry VIII
Anglicanism
England
“Act of
Supremacy”
1534



Loyola
Jesuits
(Catholic)
Spain, Italy,
the Holy Land
Spiritual
Exercises
1524


Predestination:
everyone’s soul was
already destined for
heaven or hell
Original sin: people
are born with sin in
their soles and will be
bad unless they
follow rules of
Christianity
Pope has no
authority in England
King is the leader of
the Church of
England & demands
religious loyalty
King confiscates
lands of the Catholic
Church
Indulgences are one
of many acts that,
together, get people
to heaven
Protestant ideas are
creations and are not
true
Do not question
authority, like the
Pope






Genevans
(Switzerland): Calvin
forced strict religious
laws on them, so they
kicked him out once
French king: king was
Catholic, Calvin was
Protestant
Pope: did not want
to grant Henry’s
divorce, was upset
since Henry used to
be a major supporter
King of Spain: Henry
was married to his
relative and he was
trying to divorce
Protestants: Loyola
was trying to
convince them to go
back to Catholicism
Islamic peoples:
Loyola was trying to
convert them to
Christianity
Lutheran
Anglican
Catholic
Calvinist
Christianity
England
The English Reformation
• Henry VIII
– Henry needs an heir….
Needs a annulment from
1st wife (can’t have
anymore children) but the
Pope will not consent
– Dissent over divorce –
breaks with Catholic
Church
– Passed Act of Supremacy –
making Henry the head of
the Church of England
(Anglican Church founded)
Complicated Relationships
• At the time of the divorce, Henry VIII only had
one surviving child, Mary Tudor.
• Breaks with the church, has an Archbishop annul
the marriage, and marries Anne Boleyn.
• Anne Boleyn gives birth to a girl, Elizabeth.
• Boleyn is beheaded for treason and Henry
marries Jane Seymour, who bears Edward VI.
What can be said
about the attire
of each of the
women in these
paintings?
Mary Tudor
Anne Boleyn
Elizabeth
Turmoil in England
Henry’s Children
• Edward VI
• Very strict
Protestant
• Mary I of England • Elizabeth
“Bloody Mary”
• Protestant
• Very strict Catholic (middle ground)
Calvin
• Minister who was inspired
by Luther but disagrees
on a few points….
– Beliefs:
– 1. Humans are so corrupt/
evil that no good deeds can
get you into heaven
– Only God can decide who
goes to heaven,
(Predestination)… nothing
you do matters
(other names for Calvinists =
Puritans)
•Diagram the new branch of Christianity that started as a result of the Protestant
Reformation. Summarize the major differences between the two branches.
Impact of the Reformation
• The split of Christianity
Catholicism
Lutheranism/
Protestantism
Calvinism
Salvation through Faith
God alone predetermines who
will be saved
Head of Church: Elected
council
Head of Church: Council of
Elders (appointed)
Bible alone source of truth
Bible alone source of truth
dislike the Catholic
structure
dislike the Catholic structure
Lutheran
Anglican
Catholic
Catholic Reformation:
1.
Calvinist
2.
3.
4.
Christianity
Counter Reformation/
Catholic Reformation
• Reform movement within the Catholic
Church
• Steps the Church takes to reform:
– Council of Trent 1545: meeting to end
corruption, increase education, and reaffirm
Catholic beliefs.
– Inquisition: Persecuted non-Catholics
(Protestants, Jews, etc.)
– Founded the Jesuits (“Soldiers of God”): new
catholic group to spread and defend
Catholicism
End Result – bring Some people back to
Catholicism but Europe still split over
religion…..
Europe after the Reformation
Warm-Up
• How are the Protestant and
Catholic faiths different
from one another?
– Use at least 3 specific
examples (reference the
chart in your notes if you
need to)
• How did the Protestant
Reformation change
Europe?
Study Guide Questions
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther
to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
• Explain the secular interests and practices of the
Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.
- Indulgences, corruption, less education…
• What were Indulgences? What were their purpose?
– Pieces of paper that the Catholic church sold to lesson a
souls time in purgatory for sins they had committed
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to
break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
• What were the 95 Theses? How did they
spread throughout Europe?
– 95 arguments by Luther on why indulgences are
bad.
– Spread by printing press
• What were Luther’s 3 major ideals concerning
the Christian religion?
– Salvation through faith alone
– Bible source of all religious truth
– Anyone can interpret the bible (don’t need
Catholic Church)
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to
break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
• What was the Diet of Worms? What was the
result?
– Meeting where Luther is ordered by the Pope to
recant (take back) his 95 Theses….. Luther refuses
and is thrown out of the church
5. Compare and contrast the religious views of the
Roman Catholics, Martin Luther and John Calvin.
• What were the major tenets of Christianity
that all three believed and taught?
– All Christen, believe in the bible, Jesus, etc.
• How did their views differ on attaining eternal
salvation? (reaching Heaven)
– Catholics – need good works, and faith
– Luther – need JUST faith
– Calvin – Predestination (only god can determine
who goes to heaven)
• How did they view the role and interpretation
of the Bible?
– Catholics – Bible interpreted by the Church
– Luther and Calvin – Bible interpreted by ANYONE
• What differences existed in terms of the
leadership and organization of their churches?
– Catholics – One leader = Pope
– Luther and Calvin – elected council
6a. Explain the reasons behind the decision of Henry
VIII of England to start the Church of England.
• Henry VIII’s personal issues:
– His wife can no longer have any children and he
needs a male heir
• Secular and political issues:
– Without a male heir England could fall into civil
war
– Catholic church wont let him get divorced because
Henry’s wife is related to the Holy Roman Empire
and Pope needs his political support
6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle
religious issues during their reigns?
• How did Henry’s reforms continue during the
short reign of Edward VI?
– Edward VERY protestant
• Suppress all catholic teaching/ beliefs
• What happened to Protestantism during the
rule of Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)?
– Mary VERY Catholic
• Brings back Catholicism
6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle
religious issues during their reigns?
• What decisions did Elizabeth I make
concerning the religion of England?
– Elizabeth Protestant but chooses a middle road
and allows some Catholic rituals to remain in
Protestant country
7a. What was the Catholic
Reformation?
• What were the purpose and goals of the
Catholic Reformation in the mid-1500s?
– Religious upheaval that sought to reform the
church
7b. In what ways did it respond to
Protestant ideas?
• What was the role of the Council of Trent?
– To help direct the way people should take the
reform; To make and start the reformation.
• Who were the Jesuits? What were their
responsiblities?
– The Jesuits were missionary soldiers
– The spread the catholic faith and protected it.
7b. In what ways did it respond to
Protestant ideas?
• What was the Inquisition? What was the
Index of Forbidden Books?
– The Inquisition was a church council
– This court used torture, secret testimony and
execution to rid of heresy
– The Index of Forbidden Books was a list of works
that was against the catholic faith.