Basic Elements of a Medical Word
Medical Word Elements
 Specialized vocabulary used by health-care practitioners
 A medical word consists of
1. Word root
2. Combining form
3. Suffix
4. Prefix
Word Roots
 The core of a medical term
 Contains the fundamental meaning
 Most are derived from Greek or Latin
* Ex. Greek word derm and Latin word cutane both refer to the
skin
Examples of Word Roots
Greek or Latin Word
Word Root
Meaning
Nephros (Gr)
Nephr
Kidney
Oris (L)
Or
Mouth
Renes (L)
Ren
Kidney
Dermatos (Gr)
Derm
Skin
Combining Form
o Word root to which a vowel is added
o Enables two elements to be connected
Examples of Combining Forms
Word Root
Vowel
Combining Form
Meaning
Gastr
O
Gastr/o
stomach
Hepat
O
Hepat/o
Liver
Immun
O
Immun/o
Immune, safe
Oste
O
Oste/o
bone
Suffixes
 Word element placed at the end of a word or word root that
changes the meaning of the word
 A suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or
part of speech
Examples of Suffixes
Combining Form
Suffix
Medical word
Meaning
Gastritis
Inflammation of
the stomach
-megaly
Gastromegaly
Enlargement of
the stomach
-oma
Gastroma
Tumor of the
stomach
Gastr/o
-itis
(stomach)
(inflammation)
Prefixes
Word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root
A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, or
negation
Examples of Prefixes
Prefix
Word
Suffix
Medical Word
Meaning
Root
Hyperthermia
(heat)
-ia
(condition)
Condition
of
excessive
heat
Intra-
Muscul
-ar
Intramuscular
(in,
within)
(muscle)
(relating
to)
Within the
muscle
Hyper-
Therm
(above
normal)
Basic Rules
 Defining Medical Words
 Building Medical Words
Defining Medical Words
 Rule #1
Define the suffix or last part of the word
 Rule #2
Define the first part of the word (word, root, combining form, or
prefix)
 Rule #3
Define the middle parts of the word
Example of Defining Rules
“Gastroenteritis”
Combining Form
Middle
Suffix
Gastr/o
Enter/
-it is
Stomach
Intestine
inflammation
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 1
 Definition – inflammation of the stomach and intestineBuilding Medical Words
Rule #1
A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel
Example
Hepat/ + -itis = hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Rule #2
A combining form links a suffix that begins with a consonant
Example
Hepat/o +
cyte
= hepatocyte
Liver cell
Rule #3
Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a
compound word
Example
Oste/o + chondr/ + -itis =osteochondritis
Inflammation of bone and cartilage
Exercise
Cardiology
Cardi - root means heart.
-ology – suffix means the study of.
Cardiology – the study of the heart.
Nephritis
Nephr - root words means kidney
-itis suffix means inflammation
Nephritis means inflammation of the kidney
Pericaridits
Peri means around
-cardi means the heart
-itis means inflammation
leukocyte
leuko- prefix means white
cyte - root word means cell
leukocyte means white cell
hepatitis
hepat - root word means liver
-itis - suffix means inflammation
hepatitis – means inflammation of the liver
neuroplasty
neuro - root word means nerve or nerves
-plasty - suffix means surgical repair
neuroplasty means surgical repair of the nerve
Exercises
1. Hematology
Hemat (R)= blood
O (V)
logy (S)= study of
Study of blood
2. gastroenterology
gastr (R1)= stomach
O (V)
enter (R2)= intestines
O (V)
Logy (S)= study
Study of stomach and intestine
3. electrocardiogram
electr (R1)= electricity O (V)
cardi (R2)=heart
O (V)
Gram (S)= record
Record of the electricity in the heart
4. subgastric
Sub (P)= under
gastr (R)=stomach
ic (S)= pertaining
Pertaining to heart
5. cardiac
cardi (R)= heart
ac (S)= pertaining to
Pertaining to heart
6. Transgastric
Trans (P)=across
gastr (R)= stomach
ic (S)= pertaining to
Pertaining to across the stomach
7. retrogastric
Retro (P)= behind
gastr (R)= stomach
ic (s)= pertaining to
Pertaining to behind the stomach
8. adenoma
aden (R)= gland
oma( S)= tumor
Tumor of gland
9. arthritis
arthr (R)= joint
itit (S)= inflammation
Inflammation of joint
10.
biology
bio (R)= life
logy (S)=study
Study of life
11.
cephalic
cephal (R)= Head
ic (S)= pertaining to
Pertaining to head
12.
cerebral
cerebr (R)= large part of brain
al (S)= pertaining to
Pertaining to large part of brain
13.
cystoscope
cyst (R)= urinary bladder
examine
O (V)
scope (S)= instrument to visually
Instrument to visually examine of urinary bladder
14.
cytology
cyt (R)= cell
O(V)
logy (S)=study
Study of cell
15.
dermatitis
dermat (R)= skin
itis (S)= inflammation
Inflammation of skin
16.
entritis
entr(R)= intestines
itis (S)= inflammation
Inflammation of intestine
17.
gastroscopy
gastr (R)= stomach
O (V)
scopy (S)= process to viewing
Process to viewing the stomach
18.
gynecology
gynec (R)= woman disease
O (V)
logy(S)= study
Study of woman disease
19.
hematoma
hemat (R)= blood
oma (S) =tumor
Tumor of blood
20.
hepatitis
hepat (R)= liver
itis (S)= inflammation
Inflammation of liver
21.
laprotomy
lapr (R)= abdomen
O (V)
tomy (S)= cut into
Cut into abdomen
22.
Nephrectomy
Nephr (R)= kidney
ectomy (S)= remove
Remove of kidney
23.
neurology
neur (R)= nerve
O(V)
logy (S)= study
Study of nerve
24.
oncologist
onc (R)= tumor O(V)
logist( S)= specialist study
Specialist study of tumor
25.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalm (R)= eyes
O(V)
scope (S)= process of viewing
Process of viewing eyes
26.
psychosis
psych(R)= mind
O(V)
sis (S)= abnormal condition
Abnormal condition of mind
27.
rhinitis
rhin(R)= nose
itis(S)=inflammation
Inflammation of nose
28. Thrombocyte
Thrmb(R)= clothing
O(V)
cyte (S)= cell
Cell for clothing
28.
arthralagia
artha (R)= joint
alagia (S)= pain in
Pain in joint
29.
hyperthyroidisim
hyper(P)= excessive
thyroid (r)= thyroid gland
isim(S)= condition
Condition of excessive oh thyroid gland
30.
dermatosis
dermat(R)= skin
O(V)
sis (S)=abnormal condition
Abnormal condition of skin
31.
hypodermic
hypo(P)= below
derm(R)=skin
ic(S)= pertaining to
Pertaining to below skin
32.
cardiology
cardi(R)= heart
O(V)
logy(S)= study
Study of heart
33.
pericarditis
peri (P)=around
cardi(R)= heart
itis(S)= inflammation
Inflammation around the heart
34.
neuroplasty
neuro(R)= nerve
plasty(S)= surgical repair
Surgical repair of nerve
35.
leukocyte
leuk(P)= white
O (V)
cyte(R)= cell
White cell
Hospital Departments, Staff and Equipments
1. Hospital Departments & Staff
Admission: The process to come into the hospital as a patient
Delivery suite: Where pregnant women give birth
Discharge: The process for a patient to leave the hospital
Inpatient: A patient who is staying in the hospital
Medical imaging: X-rays, MRI, CT scans, nuclear medicine
Nursery: A ward for babies
Outpatient :A patient who visits the hospital for treatment but does not stay
Pediatrics: Care of children and tenegeers up to the age of 18 years
Pathology: Tests blood and other body samples to assist with diagnosis
Theatres: Where surgery is done
Cardiology Department
This department provides medical care to patients who have problems with their heart or
circulation
Ophthalmology
Eye departments provide a range of ophthalmic services for adults and children.
Gynecology
These departments investigate and treat problems of the female urinary tract and
reproductive organs.
Pediatricians
the doctor who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood illnesses
Rheumatology
Specialist doctors called rheumatologists run the unit and are experts in the field of
musculoskeletal disorders (bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves).
Ear nose and throat (ENT)
•
The ENT department provides care for patients with a variety of problems, including:
•
general ear, nose and throat diseases
•
neck lumps
•
•
General surgery
The general surgery ward covers a wide range of surgery
Neonatal unit
Neonatal units have a number of cots that are used for intensive, high-dependency and
special care for newborn babies
Neurology
This unit deals with disorders of the nervous system
Oncology
This department provides radiotherapy and a full range of CHEMOTHERAPY
TREATMENTS for cancerous tumors and blood disorders
Pharmacy, pharmacology
•
Is the science and technique of preparing as well as dispensing drugs and medicines
The hospital pharmacy is run by pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and attached
staff.
The medical laboratory
•
Is a laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get
information about the health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of disease.
•
•
The Department specialty concerned with radiation for the diagnosis and treatment
of disease, including both ionizing radiation such as X-rays and non-ionizing radiation
such as ultrasound. Works with all departments.
•
•
Orthopedics
Orthopedic departments treat problems that affect your musculoskeletal system.
That's your muscles, joints, bones, ligaments, tendons and nerves.
•
•
Radiology
Orthopedists
technicians work in Orthopedics department
•
•
Accident and emergency (A&E)
This department is where you're likely to be taken if you've called an ambulance in
an emergency.
•
•
Anesthetics
Doctors in this department give anesthetic for operations.
General Practitioner
•
Is a doctor who covers a full range of medical care but may send you to a specialist
for more specific treatment.
Hospital Staff
•
Cardiologist
Surgeon
•
Obstetrician
Radiologist
•
Cardiology
•
Obstetric
Anesthesiologist
Surgery
Lab Technician
Anesthesia
Radiology
Pathology
Hospital Equipments
Inside the rooms
1. Wheelchair
2. Pressure mattresses
3. Gowns
4. Bedpans
Outside the patient room
1. Syringes
2. Sharps container
3. Gauze
4. Latex Gloves
5. Oxygen Tank
6. Trolley Bed
Pediatrician
Pharmacist
Pediatric
Pharmacy
Body part
Body Systems
•
All the parts of your body are composed of individual units called cells. Examples
are muscle, nerve, skin (epithelial), and bone cells.
•
Similar cells grouped together are tissues. Groups of muscle cells are muscle tissue,
and groups of epithelial cells are epithelial tissue.
•
Collections of different tissues working together are organs. An organ, such as the
stomach, has specialized tissues, such as muscle, epithelial (lining of internal
organs and outer layer of skin cells), and nerve, that help the organ function.
•
Groups of organs working together are the systems of the body. The digestive
system, for example, includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach,
and intestines, which bring food into the body, break it down, and deliver it to the
bloodstream
Level of organization
A. cell
The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things. Cells are everywhere in the human
body- every tissue. Every organ is made up of these individual.
Major parts of the cell:
•
Cell membrane
•
Nucleus
•
Chromosomes
•
Cytoplasm
•
Mitochondria
Some types of the cells:
•
Muscle cell
•
Nerve cell
•
Epithelial cell
•
Fat cell
C.Organs:
Composed of several kinds of tissue.
D. system:
Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex function
Body cavity
A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs.
1 Cranial cavity
2. Spinal cavity
3. Thoracic cavity
•
Diaphragm
4. Abdominal cavity
5. Pelvic cavity
1. The cranial cavity: is located in the head and surrounded by the skull. It contains the
brain and other organs, such as the pituitary gland.
2. The thoracic cavity: also known as the chest cavity . It is surrounded by the
breastbone and ribs. The lungs, heart, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes are in this
cavity. The large area between the lungs is the mediastinum
Pleural cavity: The lungs are each surrounded by a double membrane known as the
pleura, the space between the pleural membranes is the pleural cavity.
3. Abdominal cavity: is the space below the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the
muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Organs in the abdomen
include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.
The organs in the abdomen are covered by a double membrane called the peritoneum.
The peritoneum attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds
each organ to hold it in place.
4 . pelvic cavity: locates below the abdominal cavity. It is surrounded by the pelvis(bones of
the hip). The major organs located within the pelvic cavity are the urinary bladder, ureters
,urethra, rectum, and anus, and the uterus in females
5. Spinal cavity: is the space surrounded by the spinal column(backbones). The spinal cord is
the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and carry
messages to and from all parts of the body.
Division of the abdomen into quadrants:
•
Right upper quadrants
(R.U.Q)
•
Left upper quadrants
(L.U.Q)
•
Right lower quadrants
(R.L.Q)
•
Left lower quadrants
(L.L.Q)
Region of the thorax and abdomen:
1. Right hypo-chondriac region
2. Left hypo-chondriac region
3. Epigastric region
4. Right lumber region
5. Left lumber region
6. Umbilical region
7. Right iliac region
8. Left iliac region
9. Hypogastric region
Divisions of the Back
•
The spinal column is a long row of bones from the neck to the tailbone. Each bone in
the spinal column is called a vertebra(backbone). Two or more bones are called
vertebrae.
•
A piece of flexible connective tissue, called a disk(or disc), lies between each
backbone. The disk is a cushion between the bones.
Division of the back (spinal column)
•
7 cervical vertebre (neck)
•
12 thoracic (chest) vertebre
•
5 lumber vertebre
•
5 Sacrum
•
1 or 4 coccyx
Planes of
•
the
Body
A plane is an imaginary flat surface.
1. Frontal (coronal) plane:
•
A vertical plane that divides the body, or body part such as an organ, into front and
back portions. Anatomically, anterior means the front portion and posterior means
the back portion.
Sagittal (lateral) plane
•
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. The
midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves.
Transverse (axial) plane
•
A horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, as
in a cross section.(Think of cutting a long loaf of French bread into circular sections.)
Positional and directional terms planes of the body
Exercise Time
1.The bones of the hip are the pelvis.
2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the. diaphragm.
3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the… peritoneum.
4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the… pleura.
5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the mediastinum.
6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines is
the abdomen (abdominal cavity).
7. The backbones are the spinal column .
8. The nerves running down the back form the spinal cord .
9. A single backbone is a vertebra.
10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a disk (disc).
Q2 Name the five divisions of the spinal column from the neck to the tailbone
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. Coccygeal
2. 1. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. 2. t ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. 3. l ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. 4. s ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. 5. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1.posterior 4. MRI 7. frontal (coronal) plane
2. anterior 5. sagittal plane 8. CT scan
3. transverse (axial) plane 6. Cartilage
•
1. Pertaining to the back
•
2. Pertaining to the front
•
3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower part
•
4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three planes of the body are
viewed
•
5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts
•
6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints
•
7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts
•
8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images
The skeletal system
The major structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
bones --------- oss/e, oss/i, oster/o, ost/o
bone marrow --------- myel/o
cartilage --------- chondr/o
ligaments--------- ligament/o
joints --------arthr/o
Function of the skeletal system
Functions:
1. Support
The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral column support the
weight of the erect body.
The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.
Other bones support various organs and tissues.
2. Protection
The bones of the skull protect the brain.
Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the lungs and heart.
Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
3. Movement
Skeletal muscles use the bones as levers to move the body.
4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue
99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone.
85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone.
Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of certain bones.
What is really being stored in this case? (hint – it starts with an E)
5. Hematopoiesis
A.k.a. blood cell formation.
All blood cells are made in the marrow of certain bones.
Function summery
1.
2.
3.
4.
bones act as the frame work of the body
bones support and protect the internal organs
calcium is stored in bone
red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone ,has an important
function in the formation of blood
There are 206 bones in the adult human body, the skeleton is divided into axial and
appendicular skeletal systems.
1.
axial skeleton
The axial skeleton (80 bones) protects the major organs of the nervous , respiratory. And
circulatory systems. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum.
2.
appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton (126 bones)makes body movement possible and also protects the
organs of digestive, excretion, and reproductive.
Thoracic cavity is made up of the ribs, sternum ,and thoracic vertebrae.
1. Ribs
-There are 12 pairs of ribs, called costal.
-The first 7 pairs of ribs, called true ribs. Are attached anteriorly to the
sternum
-The next 3 pairs of ribs, called false ribs, are attached anteriorly to
cartilage that joins with the sternum.
-The last 2 pairs of ribs called floating ribs, are not attached anteriorly.
2. Sternum
It is divided into three parts:
1) The Manubrium
2) The body of the sternum
3) The xiphoid process
Spinal column:
The spinal column is also known as the vertebral column which
consists of 26 vertebrae. The function of the spinal column are to
support the head and to protect the spinal cord.
Bone Classification
4 types of bones:
1. Long Bones
Much longer than they are wide.
All bones of the limbs except for the patella (kneecap), and the bones of the wrist and
ankle.
Consists of a shaft plus 2 expanded ends.Your finger bones are long bones even though
they’re very short – how can this be?
2. Short Bones
Roughly cube shaped.
Bones of the wrist and the ankle.
3. Flat Bones
Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved.
Scapulae, sternum, (shoulder blades), ribs and most bones of the skull.
4. Irregular Bones
Have weird shapes that fit none of the 3 previous classes.
Vertebrae, hip bones, 2 skull bones ( sphenoid and the ethmoid bones).
Bone Structure
Bones are organs. Thus, they’re composed of multiple tissue types. Bones are composed of:
Bone tissue (a.k.a. osseous tissue).
Fibrous connective tissue.
Cartilage.
Vascular tissue.
Lymphatic tissue.
Adipose tissue.
Nervous tissue.
All bones consist of a dense, solid outer layer known as compact bone and an inner layer of
spongy bone – a honeycomb of flat, needle-like projections called trabeculae.
Bone is an extremely dynamic tissue!!!!
Bone cells:
1. Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells.
Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix.
2. Osteocytes
Mature bone cells.
Osteoblasts that have become trapped by the secretion of matrix.
No longer secrete matrix.
Responsible for maintaining the bone tissue.
3. Osteoclasts
Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell).
Cells that digest bone matrix – this process is called bone resorption and is part of normal
bone growth, development, maintenance, and repair.
Bone Development
Osteogenesis (a.k.a. ossification) is the process of bone tissue formation.
In embryos this leads to the formation of the bony skeleton.
In children and young adults, ossification occurs as part of bone growth.
In adults, it occurs as part of bone remodeling and bone repair.
Formation of the Bony Skeleton
Before week 8, the human embryonic skeleton is made of fibrous membranes and hyaline
cartilage.
After week 8, bone tissue begins to replace the fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage.
The development of bone from a fibrous membrane is called intramembranous ossification.
Why?
The replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone is known as endochondral ossification.
Why?
The term related to skeletal system:
Arthalgia
Pain in the joint
Arthrosclerosis
Is a stiffness of joint
Arthritis
Is an inflammation of one or
more joint
Lumbago
Is low back pain
kyphosis
Is an abnormal increase on the
out ward curvature of the
thoracic
Lardosis
is an abnormal increase in the
forward curvature of the lower
or lumber spine
Scoliosis
Is an abnormal lateral curvature
of spine
Ostealgia
Is any pain within the bone
Osteomalacia
Is the abnormal softening
osteomylitis
Is an inflammation of the bone
and bone marrow
Arthrocentesis
Is an a surgical puncture of the
joint
arthroscopy
Is the visual examination of the
joint
Nutritional Effects on Bone
Normal bone growth/maintenance cannot occur w/o sufficient
dietary intake of calcium and phosphate salts.
Calcium and phosphate are not absorbed in the intestine unless the
hormone calcitriol is present. Calcitriol synthesis is dependent on
the availability of the steroid cholecalciferol (a.k.a. Vitamin D) which
may be synthesized in the skin or obtained from the diet.
Vitamins C, A, K, and B12 are all necessary for bone growth as well.
Hormonal Effects on Bone
Growth hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, and thyroxine,
produced by the thyroid gland, stimulate bone growth.
GH stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth throughout the
body.
Thyroxine stimulates cell metabolism and increases the rate of
osteoblast activity.
In proper balance, these hormones maintain normal activity of the
epiphyseal plate (what would you consider normal activity?) until
roughly the time of puberty.
Calcitonin
Released by the C cells of the thyroid gland in response to high blood
[Ca2+].
Calcitonin acts to “tone down” blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin causes decreased osteoclast activity which results in
decreased break down of bone matrix and decreased calcium being
released into the blood.
Calcitonin also stimulates osteoblast activity which means calcium
will be taken from the blood and deposited as bone matrix.
The muscular system
Major structures
1. muscles ------- my/o, myos/o
2. fascia -------- fasci/o
3. tendons ------- ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
Function of the muscular system
Muscles hold the body erect and make movement possible.
Muscle movement generates nearly 85% of the heat that
keep the body warm.
Muscles move food through the digestive system muscle
action moves fluids through ducts and tubes.
The structures of the muscular system:
The body has more than 60 muscle made up of fibers. Covered with
1. fibers muscle
The muscle is composed of long, slender cell known as muscle fiber.
Each muscle consists of group of fibers held together by connective
tissue.
2. skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of skeleton and are the
muscle that makes possible body motion such as walking and smiling.
Skeleton muscle is also known as striated muscles. Skeleton muscles are
also known as voluntary muscle.
3. smooth muscles
Smooth muscles are located in the walls of internal organs such as the
digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands. Their
function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these
structures. Smooth muscles are also known as unstriated muscles.
Smooth muscle is also known as involuntary muscle.
4. cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle also known myocardial muscle:
myo mean muscle
cardi mean heart
al mean pertaining to
The muscle is also known as myocardium:
myo mean muscle
card mean heart
ium mean tissue
Cardiac muscle is like striated muscle in its appearance, but like smooth
muscle in its action.
5. fascia
Fascia is the sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that covers,
supports, and separates muscles.
Medical specialties to the muscular system
An orthopedic surgeon treats injuries and disorders involving bones,
joint, muscle.
A rheumatologist treats disorders that involve the inflammation of
connective tissue including muscle.
A neurologist treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular
disorders in which there is a loss of function.
A specialist in sports medicine treat sports- related injuries of the
bones, joints and muscle.
Rang of motion
Term related to muscle
term
Meaning
Fascitis
Inflammation of fascia
Tenalgia
Pain in tendon
tendonitis
Inflammation of tendons
Muscle atrophy
Weakness of muscle tissue
Myalgia
Muscle tenderness
Myolysis
Inflammation of muscle tissue
Myomalacia
Abnormal softening of muscle
tissue
Myosclerosis
Abnormal hardening of muscle
A spasm
Sudden involuntary contraction of
muscle
Brady kinesis
Slow in movement
Dyskinesia
Impairment of voluntary
movement
Hyperkinesias
Abnormal increase activity
Paralysis
Loss sensation and voluntary
muscle movements
paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs the lower
part of body
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
Hemiplgia
Total paralysis of one side of the
body
The respiratory system
Major structures









Nose -------- nas/o
Sinuses ------ sinus/o
Epiglottis ------ epiglott/o
Pharynx -------- pharyng/o
Larynx --------- blaring /o
Trachea ------- trache/o
Brocnchi ------- bronch/o, bronchi/o
Alveoli -------- alveoli/o
Lungs ------ pneum/o
Functions of the respiratory system:
 Bring oxygen rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cell.
 Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and water).
 Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech
possible.
Structure of the respiratory system
It is consist of
1) The upper respiratory tract consist of
 Nose which contain
- nasal cavity
- nasal septum
- Mucous membrane (mucus, cilia, olfactory receptors).
 Mouth which contain
- Tooth
- Tongue
- Gum
 Pharynx which contain
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
 epiglottis which contain
- orophaynx and laryngopharynx
- epiglottis
 larynx which contain
- voice box
- larynex
- glottis
-

trachea which contain
windpipe or airway
mucous membrane lining with cilia
smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings
divided into tow branches
no gaseous exchange
2. The lower respiratory tract consist of
- bronchial tree
- lungs
Medical specialties related to the respiratory system
A pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating
disease.
A respiratory therapist (RT) provides treatment of breathing problems.
The common terms related to respiratory system
term
Meaning
Asthma
Chronic allergic disorder
characterized by breathing
difficulty coughing and wheezing
bronchiectasis
Chronic enlargement of bronchi
Epistaxis
Bleeding from nose
pertussis
Whooping cough
sinusitis
Inflammation of sinuses
pharyngitis
Inflammation of pharynx
Laryngitis
Inflammation of larynx
bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchial wall
Pleural effusion
Abnormal escape of fluid into the
pleural cavity
hemothorax
Accumulation of blood in the plural
cavity
hemoptisis
Spitting of blood
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of fluid in lung tissue
tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis
attached to lung
pneumonia
Inflammation of lungs the air sacs
fill with pus and other liquid
Tachypnea
Rapid rate of respiration more than
20 breath per minute
bradypnea
low rate of respiration less than 10
breath per minute
Apnea
Absence of respiration
dyspnea
Difficult of breathing
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of skin caused
by lack of oxygen
bronchscopy
Visual examination of the bronchi
The cardiovascular system
Major structure
Heart ------- card\o, cardi\o
Arteries ------ arteri\o
Capillaries ------- capill/o
Veins -------- phleb/o, ven/o
Blood ------- hem/o , hemat/o
Function of the cardiovascular system
The term of cardiovascular means pertaining to the heart and blood
vessels. Its function is:
Supply all body tissue with oxygen and nutrients to transport
cellular waste products to the appropriate organs for removal from the
body.
Structures of the cardiovascular system
The major structures of the cardiovascular system are the
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
The pericardium
Is the walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
The walls of the heart
The walls of the heart are made up of three layers
Epicardium: it is the external layer of the heart also is part of the inner
layer of the pericardium.
Myocardium: it is the middle and thickest of the three layers consist of
cardiac muscle.
Endocardium:It is lining of the heart, from the inner surface of the heart.
The blood vessels:
There are three major types of blood vessels in the body these are the:
1. the arteries
The arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the
heart to all the body. It is the high oxygen blood
2. the capillaries
Capillaries serve as the anatomic units connecting the arterial and
venous circulatory system.
3. the vein
The vein a low pressure collecting system to return the waste filled
blood to the heart.
Medical specialties related to cardiovascular system
Cardiologist specialties in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, disease
and disorder of the heart.
A hematologist a specializes in diagnosing and treating disease of the
blood.
Diagnostic procedures of the cardiovascular system
Angiocardiograpy
Angio------- means blood vessel
Cardio------ means heart
Grapy------ means the process of recording
Cardiac catheterization (C.C) it is a procedure in which a catheter is
pulled into a vein or artery and is guided into the heart
Electrocardiogram (E.C.G) or (E.K.G) is a record of the electrical activity
of the myocardium
Medical terms related to the cardiovascular system
1. Defibrillation: is the use of electrical shock to restore the heart
normal. Rhythm this can be performed extremely as an
emergency procedure or a device may be implanted to control
severe arrhythmias
2. A pacemaker: is an electronic device that may be attached
externally or implanted under the skin, with connections leading
into the heart to regulate the heart beat. Pacemaker is used as
treatment for bradycardia or arterial fibrillation.
3. An atherosclerosis: is hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
4. Ischemic heart disease (I.H.D.) means insufficient supply of
oxygenated blood to heart.
5. angina pectoris: is a sever episode of is a clinical syndrome
characterized by paroxysms of pain spasmodic or feeling of
pressure in the anterior chest
Other terms
Terms
Meaning
carditis
Inflammation of the heart
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium
Endocarditis
Inflammation of inner layer of the
heart
The endocrine system
Major structures
Adrenal glands-----adren/o
Gonads ----gonad/o
Pancreatic islets---- pancreat/o
Paratheroid glands ----paratheroid/o
Pineal gland ----- pinal/o
Pituitary gland ---- pituit/o, pituitary/o.
Thymus ---- thym/o
Thyroid---- thyr/o, thyroid/o
The function of the endocrine system
1. regular electrolyte level, influence metabolism, and respond to stress .(adrenal
gland)
2. regulate development and maintenance of secondary sex chatacteristics .( gonad
gland)
3. Control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism. (pancreatic gland)
4. Regulate calcium level through the body. (parathyroid gland)
5. Influence the sleep- wakefulness cycle. (pineal gland)
6. control the activity of the other endocrine glands.(pituitary gland)
7. plays a major role in the immune reaction ( thymus gland)
8. Stimulate metabolism growth and activity of the nervous system. (thyroid gland)
The structures of the endocrine system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
One pituitary gland (two lobs).
one thyroid gland
four parathyroid glands
two adrenal gland
one pancreas
one pineal gland
two gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males)
Medical specialties related to the endocrine system
An endocrinologist: specializes in diagnosis and treating disease and malfunctions of the
glands of endocrine system
Diagnosis procedures related to the endocrine system
Urine and blood testing: are used to measure endocrine hormone level.
Medical terminology related to endocrine system
term
Meaning
Hyperpituitarism
Excessive secretion by the anterior lob of
pituitary gland
Hypopituitarism
Reduce secretion by the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland
Hyperthyroid
Excessive thyroid hormone in the blood
goiter
Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
Deficiency of thyroid secretion
Parathyroid gland
Insufficient or absence secretion of
parathyroid gland
hypocalcaemia
Abnormall low level of calcium in the blood
hyperparathyroidism
Over production of the parathyroid gland
Hypercalcemia
Abnormal high concentration of calcium in
the blood
parathyroidectomy
Surgical removal of one or more of the
parathyroid glands
adrenalitis
Inflammation of the adrenal gland
Diabetic ketoacidosis (D.K.A)
Sever insulin deficiency
thymitis
Inflammation of the thymus gland
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of the thymus gland
pinealopathy
Disorder of the pineal gland
pinealectomy
Surgical removal of the pineal body
Hypergonadism
Excessive secretion of hormones by the sex
glands
Hypogonadism
Deficient secretion of hormonal by the sex
glands
nervous system
Coordinates many activity of the body.
- senses changes in internal and external environment
- interprets these changes
When the brain ceases functioning, the body dies.
Structures
Nerve is one or more bundles of impulse carrying fibers that connect the brain and spinal
cord with body.
1.
neuron divided into:
A. Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
B. Peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)
C. Atomic nervous system (ganglia on either side of the spinal cord).
2.
neuralgia
3.
brains divided into:
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- diencephalons
- brainstem
Medical terms related to nervous system
-
facial paralysis
epilepsies and convulsion
arteriosclerosis
cerebrovascular accident (C.V.A, T.I .A.) hemi paresis, hemiplegia, aphasia)
Parkinson's disease
multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer disease
intra cranial tumors
tremors
Diagnosis procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
cerebral angiography
echoencephalography(C.C.G)
myelography
computed tomography (C.T scan)
Surgical therapeutic procedure
1. cryosurgery
2. spinal puncture, spinal tap
3. vagotony
Some abbreviations
-
EEG: electro encephalon gram
LP:
Lumber puncture
MS: multiple sclerosis
CNS: Central nervous system
CVA: cerebra vascular accident
ICP: intra cranial pressure
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging
ANS: autonomic nervous system
CP: Cerebral palsy
CT Scan: computed tomography
TIA: transient ischemic attack
Female reproductive system
The structures of female reproductive system are:
1. ovaries
- Tow almond shaped organs on either side of the uterus.
- Contain hundreds of thousand of ova.
- All ova are present at birth
- Each ovum is surrounded by a single layer of cells comprising a follicle.
- Ova are the female gametes
2.
-
fallopian tubes
oviducts, uterine tubes : salping/o
extend laterally from each side of the uterus supported by the broad ligament
outer ends of the tube are open to receive released ovum
fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes
3. uterus:
- pear shaped organ with very strong, smooth muscle walls with a mucosal membrane
lining called the endometrium
- hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o
- endometrium responsive to hormonal changes
- ante flexion (normal position)
- cervix
4.
-
vagina
Tubular structure extending backward and upward to the cervix.
Lined with mucosa
Colp/o and vagin
Sexually transmitted disease
- gonorrhea
- dysuria
- oophortitis
- cystitis
Diagnostic procedures
-
endo vaginal ultrasound
amniocentesis
electronic fetal monitor
hysterosalpinggram
papanicolaou test
pelvimetry
- salpingitis
- urethritis
-
colpscopy
laparoscopy
Disease elated to female reproductive system
-
dysmenorrheal , metrorrhagia
premenstrual syndrome
endometriosis
pelvic infection
vaginal infection
Terms related to reproductive system
terms
Meaning
Menstruation
Menstrual phase, lacteal phase
Labor
Stage of dilation
Pregnancy
Gestation, parturition
Child birth
Ante partum, post partum
Menopause
Amenorrhea
postpartum
Natal, lactation
Blood lymph and immune systems
Functions of immune system
1.
–
–
–
–
to protect the entire body from a varity of harmful substances
pathognic microorganism
allergens
toxin
malignant
Function of lymph system (lymph/o)
-
Drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to the blood.
Transport material (nutrient, hormones, and oxygen) to body cell.
Carry away waste products to the blood.
Transport lipids away from digestive system
Control infection
Medical term related to blood lymph and immune system
term
Meaning
RBC
Erythrocytes
WBC
Leukocyte
Platelets
Thrombocyte
Leuko
White
Erthro
Red
Cyte
Cell
Hemoglobin
Blood
Reticulocyte
Immature erythrocyte
thrombocyte
Made in bone marrow essential to blood
coagulation