Unit 5: Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration
By Mrs. Shaw
Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration Learning Goals
 List
the reactants and products in the
reactions of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
 Explain
how the processes of
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
work and are essential to life on Earth.
Opening Assignment Day 1
1.
In a chemical reaction what do the terms
reactants and products mean?
2.
Write the equation of photosynthesis using
words. Remember to include the 3 reactants
and the 2 products.
 First
one to answer both questions correctly
gets a treat! 
Day 1 Activities
 Read
Chapter 8 Lessons 1 and 2 and define
vocabulary and write out key concepts.
Then do workbook pages 116-121
 This
assignment is due Thursday 2/13.
Day 2 Opening Assignment
1. Differentiate
between autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
2. Which
3. What
type of organisms do photosynthesis?
is the name of the basic energy
source for all cells to function?
Day 3 Opening Assignment
1.
What does ATP do?
2.
How is ADP different from ATP?
Chemical Energy and ATP

Why is ATP useful to cells?
 ATP
can easily release and store energy by breaking
and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate
groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it
exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all
cells.
Chemical Energy and ATP

Energy is the ability to do work. Your cells are busy using energy to build
new molecules, contract muscles, and carry out active transport.

Without the ability to obtain and use energy, life would cease to exist.

One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release
energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three
phosphate groups.
Storing Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) looks almost
like ATP, except that it has two phosphate
groups instead of three. ADP contains some
energy, but not as much as ATP.
When a cell has energy available, it can
store small amounts of it by adding
phosphate groups to ADP, producing ATP.
ADP is like a rechargeable battery that
powers the machinery of the cell.
Releasing Energy

Cells can release the energy
stored in ATP by breaking the
bonds between the second and
third phosphate groups.

Because a cell can add or
subtract these phosphate groups, it
has an efficient way of storing and
releasing energy as needed.
Using Biochemical Energy
 One
way cells use the energy provided by ATP
is to carry out active transport.
 Many
cell membranes contain sodiumpotassium pumps. ATP provides the energy that
keeps these pumps working, maintaining a
balance of ions on both sides of the cell
membrane.
Using Biochemical Energy

ATP is not a good molecule for
storing large amounts of energy
over the long term.

It is more efficient for cells to keep
only a small supply of ATP on hand.

Cells can regenerate ATP from
ADP as needed by using the
energy in foods like glucose.
Using Biochemical Energy

Energy from ATP powers the synthesis of proteins and
responses to chemical signals at the cell surface.
• ATP powers movement, providing the energy for motor
proteins that contract muscle and power the movement of cilia
and flagella.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
 Organisms
that obtain food by consuming other living
things are known as heterotrophs.
 Some
 Other
heterotrophs get their food by eating plants.
heterotrophs, such as this cheetah, obtain food from
plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals. Still
other heterotrophs, such as mushrooms, obtain food by
decomposing other organisms.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
 Organisms
that make their own food are called
autotrophs.
 Plants,
algae, and some bacteria are able to use light
energy from the sun to produce food. The process by
which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce
high-energy carbohydrates that can be used for food is
known as photosynthesis.
Lesson 8.2 An Overview of Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts


What role do pigments play in the process of
photosynthesis?
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from
sunlight with pigments.
Light

Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light.

Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths, many of which are visible to our eyes
and make up the visible spectrum.

Our eyes see the different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Pigments

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.

The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll.
Pigments


The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b, absorb light very well in the blue-violet and red
regions of the visible spectrum, but not in the green region, as
shown in the graph.
Leaves reflect green light, which is why plants look green.
 Plants
also contain red and orange pigments such as carotene
that absorb light in other regions of the spectrum
Most of the time, the
green color of the
chlorophyll overwhelms
the other pigments, but as
temperatures drop and
chlorophyll molecules
break down, the red and
orange pigments may be
seen.
Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis takes place inside organelles called
chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic
membranes called thylakoids, which are interconnected
and arranged in stacks known as grana.
Chloroplasts


Pigments are located in the thylakoid membranes.
The fluid portion outside of the thylakoids is known as
the stroma.
Energy Collection

Because light is a form of energy, any compound that
absorbs light absorbs energy. Chlorophyll absorbs
visible light especially well.

When chlorophyll absorbs light, a large fraction of the
light energy is transferred to electrons. These highenergy electrons make photosynthesis work.
High-Energy Electrons


What are electron carrier molecules?
An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of highenergy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their
energy, to another molecule.
The high-energy electrons produced
by chlorophyll are highly reactive and
require a special “carrier.”
High-Energy Electrons

Think of a high-energy electron as being similar to a hot
potato. If you wanted to move the potato from one place to
another, you would use an oven mitt—a carrier—to
transport it.

Plants use electron carriers to transport high-energy
electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
High-Energy Electrons

NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a carrier
molecule.

NADP+ accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, along with a
hydrogen ion (H+). In this way, it is converted into NADPH.

The NADPH can then carry the high-energy electrons to chemical
reactions elsewhere in the cell.
An Overview of Photosynthesis


Photosynthesis uses the energy of
sunlight to convert water and carbon
dioxide into high-energy sugars and
oxygen.
Opening Assignment Day 4
 What
is the name of the electron
carrier molecule used in the process of
photosynthesis?
 What
is the name of the pigment that
captures light energy and where is it
located inside the chloroplast?
An Overview of Photosynthesis

Plants use the sugars
generated by photosynthesis
to produce complex
carbohydrates such as
starches, and to provide
energy for the synthesis of
other compounds, including
proteins and lipids.
Draw the chart below so we can fill it in
together
Light dependent
reactions
Light independent reactions
Also called the Calvin Cycle
Happens 1st
Happens 2nd
Where does it happen
inside the chloroplast?
What are the reactants?
What are the products?
ATP and NADPH
Light-Dependent Reactions


Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions.
The first set of reactions is known as the lightdependent reactions because they require the
direct involvement of light and light-absorbing
pigments.
Light-Dependent Reactions


The light-dependent reactions use energy from
sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
These reactions take place within the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplast.
Light-Dependent Reactions

Water is required as a source of electrons and
hydrogen ions. Oxygen is released as a
byproduct.
Light-Independent Reactions


Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
complete the process of photosynthesis by producing
sugars and other carbohydrates.
During light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH
molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are
used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide.
Light-Independent Reactions


No light is required to power the light-independent
reactions.
The light-independent reactions take place outside
the thylakoids, in the stroma.
Completed T-chart
Light dependent
reactions
Light independent reactions
Happens 1st
Happens 2nd
Where does it happen
inside the chloroplast?
in the thylakoid
membrane
in the stroma
What are the reactants?
Light and Water
Carbon dioxide
What are the products?
Oxygen
Sugars (glucose)
ATP and NADPH
Are produced during
this reaction
are used during this reaction
to make the sugars
Photosynthesis overview by Bozeman 
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQr
J4
 Then
we get to watch the Photosynthesis rap!!
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKSS
H4
 Or how about this one?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GugfL45X
HE
Opening Assignment Day 5
Copy the terms down and match the correct definition on the
next slide.
1. Reactant ______
2. Product
______
3. Light dependent reaction
_____
4. ATP ______
5. ADP ______
6. Thylakoids
______
7. Chlorophyll _____
8. Stroma ______
9. Light independent reaction _____
10. NADPH _____
Opening Assignment Day 5
A. the electron carrier molecule that is used in the light independent
reaction
B. the energy that is made in the light dependent reaction and used in the
light independent reaction
C. the reaction that takes place first and creates the product O2
D. the things that go into a chemical reaction
E. the area in the chloroplast where the light independent reaction occurs
F. the things that come out of a chemical reaction.
G. the area in the chloroplast where the light dependent reaction occurs
H. a partially charged energy molecule
I. the reaction that takes place second and produces sugars
J. the pigment in a thylakoid that captures the light energy for
photosynthesis.
Opening Assignment Day 5 ANSWERS
Copy the terms down and match the correct definition on the
next slide.
1. Reactant _ D_____
2. Product
_F_____
3. Light dependent reaction
_ C____
4. ATP _B_____
5. ADP _H_____
6. Thylakoids
__G____
7. Chlorophyll __J___
8. Stroma __E____
9. Light independent reaction _I____
10. NADPH __A___
Now what do we have to do??!!
 Copy
each part of the photosynthesis equations on to a
notecard.
 Light
+ Water + Carbon Dioxide
 Light
+ 6 H2O + 6CO2
glucose + oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
How do we play?

You will then shuffle the cards and turn them over
to play a timed game.

The student who gets both equations correct in
the shortest amount of time wins a treat!

Ready, set, . . . . GO!! http://www.onlinestopwatch.com/
Opening Assignment Day 6
1.
Write out BOTH the word and
chemical equation for photosynthesis
BY MEMORY 
2.
Copy the picture
Day 6 Activity Plant Leaf Anatomy Lab
Title
a piece of notebook paper
“Photosynthesis Lab”.
Read the directions on the lab
form and follow them. 
Opening Assignment Day 7
Label the diagram
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
4. ____________
5. ____________
6. ____________
7. ____________

1.
5.
2.
3.
6.
4.
7.
The quiz tomorrow will include this drawing along with the matching terms that we did
on Tuesdays opening assignment AND the two equations for photosynthesis.
Rate of Photosynthesis Lab – Day 2

First we will watch the video short
“Photosynthesis Lab Walkthrough” by Bozeman
science then Mrs. Shaw will do a demonstration
experiment to see if it works. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnY9_wMZZWI

Then you will complete the reading and coloring
activity on the anatomy of a leaf.
Day 8 Opening Assignment

Study for your Photosynthesis Quiz TODAY! 

What do I need to know Mrs. Shaw ………………………….
 The vocabulary we went over
 The equations you made cards on
 The diagram of the two reactions in the process
Now study 
Opening Assignment Day 9 REVIEW
A. the electron carrier molecule that is used in the light independent
reaction
B. the energy that is made in the light dependent reaction and used in the
light independent reaction
C. the reaction that takes place first and creates the product O2
D. the things that go into a chemical reaction
E. the area in the chloroplast where the light independent reaction occurs
F. the things that come out of a chemical reaction.
G. the area in the chloroplast where the light dependent reaction occurs
H. a partially charged energy molecule
I. the reaction that takes place second and produces sugars
J. the pigment in a thylakoid that captures the light energy for
photosynthesis.
Day 9 Activities
 Read
Lesson 9.1 and 9.2 define vocabulary
and write out key concepts for both lessons
pgs. 250-260
 Then
complete workbook pages 130-136
Day 10 Opening Assignment
 What
 Write
is the definition of a calorie?
both the word and chemical equations of
the process of cellular respiration. Do you
notice anything familiar?
Day 10 Activities
 Finish
reading Lesson 9.1 and 9.2 defining
vocabulary and writing out key concepts for
both lessons pgs. 250-260
 Complete
workbook pages 130-136 – this is
due on Friday 2/28
Day 11 Opening Assignment
 Differentiate
between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
 What
is the purpose of photosynthesis
and cellular respiration?
Bozeman ROCKS!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=0IJMRsTcwcg
Day 12 Opening Assignment
Make sure you have completed your workbook, key
concepts, and vocabulary. Please have it out and
ready on your desk.
1.
What are the three stages of cellular
respiration?
2.
Where does each stage happen in the cell?
Day 12 Opening Assignment Answers
1.
What are the three stages of cellular
respiration? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the
Electron Transport Chain
Where does each stage happen in the cell?
Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell.
The Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport
Chain both happen in the Mitochondria of the
cell.
2.
Cellular Respiration Overview
Chapter 9-1

Living things get most of the energy they need
from glucose.
 Autrotrophs
make glucose using photosynthesis
 Heterotrophs

get glucose from food they eat
Cellular Respiration
 The
process that releases energy by breaking
down glucose and other food molecules in the
presence of oxygen.
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
are opposite processes.

The energy flows in opposite
directions. Photosynthesis “deposits”
energy, and cellular respiration
“withdraws” energy.

The reactants of cellular respiration
are the products of photosynthesis and
vice versa.
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration


What is the relationship between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere,
and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release
energy from food.
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration


The release of energy by cellular
respiration takes place in plants,
animals, fungi, protists, and most
bacteria.
Energy capture by photosynthesis
occurs only in plants, algae, and
some bacteria.



Cellular Respiration Overview
Cellular Respiration Overall Equation
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
Three Stages
1.
Glycolysis
2.
Kreb’s Cycle
3.
Electron Transport Chain
The Main form of Energy produced = ATP
Figure 9–2
Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Copy the following diagram
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Day 13 - Copy the chart below so we can fill it in together
What happens in this stage?
Stage 1 Glycolysis
Stage 2 –
The Krebs
Cycle
Stage 3 Electron
Transport
Chain
Where does it
happen?
How much
energy (ATP) is
generated?
Glycolysis
 Glyco
= Glucose lysis = Breakdown
 Happens: in the cytoplasm of the cell
 Process: Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken
down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.
 Cell must use (invest) 2 ATP
 Process: Produces Energy Carrier Molecules
4 ATP – 2 ATP invested = 2 ATP net gain
2 NADH
The “Mighty” Mitochondria

The mitochondria is the organelle
where the final stages of cellular
respiration occurs.
 Kreb’s
Cycle
 Electron

Transport Chain
Cells that use a lot of energy have
high numbers of mitochondria.
 Example:
heart!!
Muscle cells in the
Kreb’s Cycle
 Aerobic
Process = Only if oxygen is present!!
 Happens: in the MATRIX of the mitochondria
 Process: Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis enters to
form
2 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
CO2 (which is released when we exhale!!)
 AKA….Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
 Energy
carrier molecules produced during Glycolysis and
the Kreb’s Cycle enter the ETC
NADH
FADH2
 Happens: in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the
Mitochondria (Cristae)
 Process: The electrons are passed down a chain of
proteins until they reach the final electron
acceptor…..oxygen!
So this step is aerobic (requires oxygen)
 The ETC produces 32 ATP and H2O
Day 13 – Completed chart
What happens in this stage?
Where does it
happen?
How much
energy (ATP) is
generated?
Stage 1 Glycolysis
Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down into 2
molecules of Pyruvic Acid.
Produces Energy Carrier Molecules
Cytoplasm
2 ATP net gain
Stage 2 –
The Krebs
Cycle
Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis enters to form: 2 ATP, 3
NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2 (which is released when we
exhale!!)
in the MATRIX
of the
mitochondria
2 ATP
Stage 3 Electron
Transport
Chain
The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins
in the folds of
until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen! the Inner
Membrane of
the
Mitochondria
(Cristae)
32 ATP and H2O
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Flowchart
Copy the following flowchart
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
+
Water
(H2O)
Bozeman Review of Cellular Respiration
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh
2P5CmCC0M
What happens if
NO OXYGEN
is available??
The Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport
Chain can’t function!!
These are anaerobic conditions!!
Fermentation – Anaerobic process
 The
cell can use Fermentation instead!!
 Occurs
 Just
in the Cytoplasm
like glycolysis!!
 Fermentation
A
series of reactions that convert NADH (from
glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis to
keep producing a small amount of ATP
2 Types of Fermentation
 Alcoholic
Fermentation
 Yeasts
use this process to form ethyl alcohol and
carbon dioxide as waste products.
This
causes bread dough to rise
This
is how some alcoholic beverages are
made
Pyruvic Acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Day 14 – Opening Assignment
Copy terms and match to
definition
1.
Glycolysis
______
2.
Cellular Respiration
3.
ATP
4.
NADH & FADH
A.
The products of cellular respiration
B.
The process where oxygen and glucose are
broken down and used to make energy for
cells
C.
Glycolysis happens here
D.
The energy cells use to function
E.
The 2nd stage of cellular respiration
F.
This stage produces 32 ATP
G.
The reactants of cellular respiration
H.
The ETC happens here
I.
This comes out of the glycolysis stage and is
used in the Krebs cycle
______
________
_________
5.
Electron Transport Chain
6.
Cytoplasm
7.
Matrix of Mitochondria
8.
Cristae of Mitochondria
9.
Kreb’s cycle
10.
Glucose and Oxygen
_______
J.
Means to break down glucose
11.
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
______
K.
Energy (electron) transport molecules
L.
The Kreb’s cycle happens here
12.
_______
________
_______
_______
________
Pyruvic acid ______
Day 14 – Opening Assignment
Copy terms and match to
definition
1.
Glycolysis
_J_____
2.
Cellular Respiration
3.
ATP
4.
NADH & FADH
___D_____
__K_______
Electron Transport Chain
6.
Cytoplasm
____F___
7.
Matrix of Mitochondria
8.
Cristae of Mitochondria
9.
Kreb’s cycle
10.
Glucose and Oxygen
11.
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
__A____
____C____
___L____
___H____
___E_____
Pyruvic acid __I____
The products of cellular respiration
B.
The process where oxygen and glucose are
broken down and used to make energy for
cells
C.
Glycolysis happens here
D.
The energy cells use to function
E.
The 2nd stage of cellular respiration
F.
This stage produces 32 ATP
G.
The reactants of cellular respiration
H.
The ETC happens here
I.
This comes out of the glycolysis stage and is
used in the Krebs cycle
J.
Means to break down glucose
K.
Energy (electron) transport molecules
L.
The Kreb’s cycle happens here
_ B_____
5.
12.
A.
____G___
Number your paper 1-10 and write the structure that
matches the area.
Word Bank
Pyruvic acid
4. _________
32 ATP
Cytoplasm
3. _________
Electrons carried by
NADH
2 ATP
Mitochondria
Kreb’s Cycle
Glycolysis
2. _________
6. _____
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
8. _____
1. _________
Electron Transport
Chain
10. ___________
5. _____
7. _____
9. _____
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Occurs
This
 Occurs
in bacteria (unicellular organisms)
is how cheese, yogurt, and pickles are made.
in muscles during rapid exercise
When
your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells
must produce some ATP using fermentation and
glycolysis
Lactic
Acid build-up causes muscle soreness or
burning after intense activity.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
Copy the concept map of content
Respiration –
breaking down
glucose to make
energy (ATP)
Anaerobic
No oxygen
available or
used
Aerobic
Oxygen used
Cellular
Respiration
Produces the
MOST ATP
36 ATP
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Occurs in
muscles and
bacteria
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Produces
alcohol
products
3rd stage
2nd stage
1st stage
reactants
Fill in the Cellular Respiration Flowchart
Quiz is TOMORROW! 
 Study
and bring your notes . . . All key
concept checks, vocabulary, notes
from the powerpoint, charts, etc.