Blood and lymph
Hematopoiesis
1. Blood components and
functions
2. Plasma
3. Erythrocytes
4. Leucocytes
5. Theories of hematopoiesis
6. Stem cell structure and
functions
7. Embryonic and postembryonic
hematopoiesis
8. Classes of hematopoietic cells
9. Main features of different
hematopoietic lines
Tissues of inner
environment
1. Blood and lymph
2. Connective tissues
Blood functions
Transport
1. Trophic
2. Respiration
3. Humoral
4. Excretion
Protective
Homeostatic
Blood= cells + plasma
(RBC+WBC+PL)
hematocrit VFe/Vpl
Plasma
physical condition – colloid solution
chemical composition: 90-93 % water
7-10 % dry residue (7% proteins;
albumins 4%, globulins 1-3%,
fibrinogen 0,2-0,4%)
others 3% (enzymes, vitamins, salts,
waste products…)
pH 7,36
Hemogram
(general blood analysis)
Hematocrit
45:55
Erythrocytes
men
women
3,9-5,5 x 10 12/l
3,7-4,9 x 10 12/l
Reticulocytes
2-10 per 1000
erythrocytes
Hemoglobin men
130-160 g/l
women
120-140 g/l
Leucocytes
4-9 x 10 9/l
Platelets
180-320 x 10 9/l
Speed of blood
sedimentation men
6-12 mm/hour
women
2-14 mm/hour
Erythrocytes
Respiratory
Transport
Alkaline-acidic balance
Group
Sickle-cell
anemia
Discocytes, planocytes,echinocytes…
Anisocytosis >20%
abnormalshaped cells
Normocyte 7,1-7,9 mkm (75%)
Macrocyte >8 mkm
Microcyte <6 mkm
Poykilocytosis >25%
abnormalsized cells
Leucocytes
Leucocytes count %
Granulocytes
Bazo Eosino
philic philic
0-1
0.5-5
Agranulocytes
Neutrophilic
Band Juvenile
Segmented
0.5- 1-6
1
47-72
Lymphocytes
Mono
cytes
19-37
3-11
Neutrophils
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Basophil
Lymphocytes –immunocytes
1. Small, medium sized, large
2. EM: small light and dark,
medium sized, B-plasma cells
3. T and B
4. Active and memory cells
Lymphocyte
Monocyte-mononuclear cell
>20 mkm
Bean-like nucleus
Golgi apparatus =>lysosomes
Active type - macrophage
Monocyte
Platelet
HEMATOPOIESIS –
blood components development
(blood cells and plasma)
Hematocytopoiesis:
1. Erythrocytopoiesis
2. Leucocytopoiesis
a) granulocytopoiesis
b) agranulocytopoiesis
3.Trombocytopoiesis
THEORIES OF
HEMATOPOIESIS
• POLYPHYLETIC THEORY –
each mature blood cell type is
derived from its own distinct
stem cell
• MONOPHYLETIC THEORY
(A.A. Maximov) – there is one
stem cell, which can form all
the mature blood cells types
• Multipotential stem cell
(CFU-S – colony-formingunit of spleen)
Scheme of
hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cell
1. Originates in the yolk sac
2. Thrives in RBM
3. Similar to small dark
lymphocyte
4. Migrating cell
5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to
different cells)
6. Self-supporting cell
7. Rarely dividing cell (Go)
8. Sensitive cell
Mononuclear
macrophagic system
Differences between embryonic
and postembryonic hematopoiesis
Embryonic
Postembryonic
Histogenesis of
blood
Blood physiologic
regeneration
Extracorporal
(extraembryonic)
Intracorporal
Intravascular
Extravascular
Occurs in different
organs
Megaloblastic
erythropoiesis
mesoblastic
RBM
Normoblastic
CLASSES
OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
I class – polipotent (pluripotent)
stem cell
II class – hemistem cells for
lymphocytopoiesis and
myelopoiesis
III class – unipotent cell
(committed) sensitive to exact
hemopoietin (erythropoietin,
leykopoietin, thrombopoietin)
IV class – blasts (young actively
dividing cells)
V class – maturing cells
VI class – an “adult” mature cells
in peripheral blood
Erythropoiesis
1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm)
2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus
3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the
cytoplasm
4. Basophily decrease and acidophily
increase
ERYTHROPOIESIS
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Decrease in the cell size
2. Chromatin condensation
3. Changes in nuclear shape
(flattening – indentation –
lobulation).
4. Accumulation of
cytoplasmic granules.
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Begins in red bone marrow and
then continues in lymphoid
tissue
2. Lifespan varies in different types
of lymphocytes
3. Antigenindependent
development – in the central
hematopoietic organs (red bone
marrow and thymus) and
antigendependent – in peripheral
ones (spleen, lymph nodes and
nodules)
MONOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Decrease in cell diameter
2. Decrease in nuclear
diameter
3. Cytoplasm basophily
decreases
4. Nucleus changes its shape
from round to kidney-like
MONOCYTOPOIESIS
Trombocytopoiesis
Megakaryocyte