As we have learned… Imperialism-the policy or practice of extending a country's influence over other territories by conquest, colonization, or economic domination. Imperialism leads to countries searching for more power. It’s human nature. This also leads to Nationalism. From Grade School, we are taught to love our country. Examples Nationalism is the devotion to the interests of one’s nation; or aspirations for independence in a country under foreign domination. Example: 9/11 Nationalism http://youtu.be/1lKZqqSI9-s Militarism-The glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war; increase in military spending. Technology going crazy due to the Industrial Revolution. Dreadnought 1830’s-Percussion Cap 1840’s-Dryse Needle Gun 1850’s-Minie Ballhttp://youtu.be/D6_r6eB_nQY 1884-Maxim Gun 1889-Australian Manlicker 1891-Russian Moissan 1903-American Springfield Imperialism and Nationalism both lead to building alliances. Alliance- a formal relationship between two or more countries to work together. Refer to Map from yesterday. The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire. (GABO) The Ottoman Empire-present day Turkey. Geographical features allowed this to occur. Britain, France, and Russia comprised The Triple Entente. In 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bosnia formed the Central Powers, Later Joined by the Ottoman Empire. The three countries agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia. France felt threatened by this alliance. Britain was also concerned by the growth in the German Navy and in 1904 the two countries signed the Entente Cordiale (friendly understanding). The objective of the alliance was to encourage co-operation against the perceived threat of Germany. Three years later, Russia, who feared the growth in the German Army, joined Britain and France to form the Triple Entente. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo June 28, 1914 . They were assassinated in Bosnia by Gavrilo Princip a member of a secret terrorist society known as The Black Hand. This was the spark that started World War I. Many Americans and American Leaders viewed World War I as a European war and sought to stay neutral. Woodrow Wilson re-elected President of the United States with campaign slogan: "He kept us out of the war" The war had been in cession for almost 3 years before the United States declared war on the Central Powers. American troops in France fire their first shot in trench warfare. 500,000 troops were sent to fight. The Lusitania was a British luxury ocean liner. Almost all her hidden cargo consisted of munitions and contraband destined for the British war effort. On May 7At 2:10 in the afternoon a torpedo fired by the German submarine U 20 slammed into her side. A mysterious second explosion ripped the liner apart. Chaos reigned. Most passengers never had a chance. Within 18 minutes the giant ship slipped beneath the sea. One thousand one hundred nineteen of the 1,924 aboard died. The dead included 114 Americans. On January 31, Germany stated that U-boats would sink all ships in British waters—hostile or neutral—on sight. Zimmermann Note—a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents. The telegram proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised that if war with the United States broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” In January 1917, President Woodrow Wilson called for “a peace without victory…a peace between equals,” in which neither side would impose harsh terms on the other. Wilson hoped that all nations would join in a “league for peace” that would work to extend democracy, maintain freedom of the seas, and reduce armaments. The Germans ignored Wilson’s calls for peace. Germany was hoping to defeat Britain by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare and blockaded Britain. On January 31, Germany stated that U-boats would sink all ships in British waters—hostile or neutral—on sight. Zimmermann Note—a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents. The telegram proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised that if war with the United States broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917. The act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. 400,000 African Americans served in the armed forces. African American soldiers served in segregated unites and were excluded from the navy and marines. A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the war effort. These laws clearly violated the spirit of the First Amendment. Their passage led to over 2,000 prosecutions for loosely defined antiwar activities; of these, over half resulted in convictions. Not only did the United States have to create a vast army that was well equipped and well trained, the U.S. had to find a way to transport men, food, and equipment over thousands of miles of ocean. The U.S. government exempted many shipyard workers from the draft and gave others a “deferred” classification, delaying their participation in the draft. U.S. Chamber of Commerce joined in a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work. Shipyards used fabrication techniques. Instead of building an entire ship in the yard, standardized parts were built elsewhere and then assembled at the yard. As a result, on just one day—July 4, 1918—the United States launched 95 ships. The government took over commercial and private ships and converted them for transatlantic war use. The new weapons and tactics of World War I led to horrific injuries and hazards. The fighting men were surrounded by filth, lice, rats, and polluted water that caused dysentery. Physical problems included a disease called trench foot, caused by standing in cold wet trenches for long periods of time without changing into dry socks or boots. First the toes would turn red or blue, then they would become numb, and finally they would start to rot. On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungry surrendered to the Allies. Although there were no Allied soldiers on German territory and not truly decisive battle had been fought, the Germans were too exhausted to continue fighting. So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, in the eleventh month of 1918, Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice, or truce, to end the war. Wilson presented his plan for world peace known as his Fourteen Points. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There should be no secret treaties among nations. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade. Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses” during diplomatic crises. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers. The fourteenth point called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like those that had sparked the war. This League of Nations would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war.