Term 1
Molecules in
motion
After Intro to Biology
Scientific method, taking notes,
Harvard Referencing, Using the
Microscope
Macromolecules:
 Page
13 Heinemann
 Inorganic Molecules-water, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen and minerals
 Organic Molecules-complex compounds
that contain carbon and hydrogen
 STUDENTS- read and make own notes on
the composition of organisms plus water
and oxygen/carbon dioxide, nitrogen
and minerals
Year 11 Chemistry of Life

What chemicals do organisms need or make?

Water (65-70% of the body)
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
(These are all organic Substances)




Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules,
and fill numerous roles in living things such as;
Storage and transport of energy (Starch and glycogen) and
structural components (cellulose in plants in chitin animals)
 They contain elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
 The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides,
such as glucose, galactose and fructose.
 Two joined monosaccharides are called disaccharides, such
as sucrose and lactose.
 Anything larger than this is a polysaccharide.
Polysaccharides, such as starch, glycogen or cellulose, can
reach many thousands of units in length.
 Note: ordinary carbohydrates are made of a glucose
molecule linked to another monosaccharide like fructose-to
form a disaccharide.

Fats







Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen too,
but they contain more carbon and hydrogen than
they do oxygen- so it is the proportions of the
elements which change the substance.
Fats may either solid or liquid at normal room
temperature, depending on their structure and
composition.
They consist of a wide group compounds that are
generally soluble in organic solvents and largely
insoluble in water.
Main part glycerol and attached to this are chains
called fatty acids, which can be split to have the
separate parts by adding water (hydrolysis)
If we remove water they link-condensation
Fats give us warmth/insulation
Energy stores
Structure of a carbohydrate
and fats
Proteins







Proteins also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
and nitrogen- sometimes they contain sulphur.
Like other biological macromolecules such as
polysaccharides; proteins are essential parts of all
living organisms and participate in every process
within cells.
Proteins are relatively large organic compounds
made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and
joined together by peptide bonds
There are about 20 amino acids in nature
The particular amino acids present and the order in
which they occur vary from one protein to another.
In a protein the chain of amino acids is coiled and
folded to form a protein
The protein can be broken back down by breaking
the bonds first by hydrolysis- to get the polypeptides,
then by condensation- amino acids individually
Proteins cont:

Proteins are found in various structures




Hair
Bones
Muscles
Blood










Soluble proteins-enzymes
Can’t heat a protein above 40 degrees or denatures and
can’t function
Chemical reactions in the body occur in two places the gut
and the cells!
Reactions in the cells are called metabolism
Some reactions build things up –
Glucose-to multi sugars-glycogen to be stored
Or broken down-glucose for energy, water, carbon dioxide
Reactions are catalysed by enzymes
Warmer the temperature the faster processes go until over
the 40 degrees- denaturing
Within cells reactions take place in the watery solutionthat’s why we need lots of water!
Students Need to write own
notes on nucleic acids &
vitamins
HOMEWORK:
 KEY
QUESTIONS PAGE 17
 AND CHAPTER REVIEW
 ***YOU NEED TO RESEARCH A DISEASE
THAT RESULTS AS A LACK OF EITHER A
VITAMIN (b12) OR A MINERAL (Calcium)
and produce at least a half page word
doc and be prepared to read out to the
class next lesson.