The chemistry of carbon...
• All organic molecules are made
out of chains of elements.
• Each molecule contains CARBON. (organic means
they contain carbon)
• Carbon is able to form 4 strong bonds, and is able
to bond with HYDROGEN, NITROGEN,OXYGEN,
PHOSPHOROUS, and SULFUR
What is a bond?
• Surrounding each atom are electrons, those
electrons attract electrons from other atoms
to bond and create new substance….
• Carbon is able to create covalent bonds
meaning it shares 2 electrons with other
atoms.
What is a molecule?
• A small unit of chemical compounds• It is multiple elements coming together to
from new substances…
• example-: H2O = H + H + O
= 3 elements coming together to make
something new..
• Macromolecules mean “Giant Molecules”
• They are made out of hundreds or even
thousands of smaller molecules
• They are made out of small compounds called
monomers that bond together to create
polymers- meaning many parts….
*** Macromolecules are organic because they
contain carbon***
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates:
• Are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• They are in a 1:2:1 ratio- meaning for every 1
carbon there are 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
Carbohydrates are used to store
energy!!
Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for
structural purposes such as plant stem walls.
Carbohydrates are made out of sugar!
• The monomer of carbohydrates is called
glucose.
:
1. Monosaccharide- single sugar molecules= the
building blocks of complex carbs
1. Disaccharide- when two sugar molecules come
together
1. Polysaccharide- when a chain of sugar
molecules come together to form complex carbs
such as starch and cellulose
1. Glucose= C6H12O6
2. Fructose= C6H12O6
3. Galactose= C6H12O6
• They all have the same chemical formulas,
but different structures, so they break down
in the body differently and are used for
different types of energy….
• Are created by bonding two sugar molecules
together by removing water
• This process is called dehydration reaction
• The most common disaccharide= sucrose=
table sugar
• These are
MACROMOLECULES
of sugar
• They are formed by
bonding together
numerous sugar
molecules to make
large chains.
Types of polysaccharides:
Animals:
1. Starch
2. glycogen
Plants:
1. Chitin
2. cellulose
Lets Review:
In order to form macromolecules many small
units of matter have to come together….
This process is called: dehydration which
removes water and chains molecules together
To break these molecules apart, we have to add
water creating hydrolysis- so there is no room
to bond and join with other molecules.
What?
Here’s what you’re going to do…
• Using what we did last week, draw out the
process of
– a monosaccharide into a disaccharide
– A disaccharide into a polysaccharide
– then back-
• give and example of each,
• tell me the process,
• and label what is happening to water….
Proteins are made out of:
–Nitrogen
–Hydrogen
–Carbon
–Oxygen
Each carbon can form:
4 covalent bonds
• Are monomers of proteins
• There are 21 different types of amino acids
Why:
Proteins are made up of chains of amino
acids- the order of the amino acids determine
the type of protein.
• Amino acids are compounds with different
types of “groups” attached to them…
1.Amino group (-NH2 )
2.Carboxyl group (-COOH)
3.Side chain
• Te R group is an arrangement of compounds
that determines the type of protein that is
being formed.
• The other groups are “protein structure” that
is generic to all proteins– What they are made out of
• A protein that is found inside and outside of
cells
• It is used in antibiotics
R Group
Amine group
Carboxyl
group
• Can be used as a sweetener in animal foodsalso used to kill weeds.
• R Group is a Hydrogen
R Group
Amine
group
Carboxyl group
• They determine the structure and function of
the protein
We use the throughout out our entire body!
Each of the 20 proteins has a different and
specific function!
1. Antibodies
2. Muscle contraction and function
3. Enzymes or catalysts (make reactions
happen)
4. Hormones
5. Storage
6. Nutrient transportation
• They too use
!
• When the
of one amino acid
bonds with the
of another
amino acid they use dehydration to connect
amino acids and create a chain.
= the start of the polymer =
• A peptide bond is a covalent bond specific to
proteins
• They are created by dehydration and link 2
amino acids together
• Peptide bonds are only used to describe the
formation of peptide chains which are the
polymers of proteins.
• When two amino acids are linked togetherthey use dehydration
Reflect back:
Monomer:
carbs= monosaccharide- glucose
proteins= amino acids- there are 20
2 monomers:
carbs= disaccharide- sucrose
• Are the polymers specific to proteins.
• They are formed by many amino acids linked
together
• Many polypeptides together make proteins
• Proteins are long chains, and are made up of
many polypeptides because they have so
many different functions in the body
Fill in this table:
One single
molecule
Generic to every
macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2 molecules
together
2 or more
molecules
together
Type of bond
Okay- so… after you form a
polypeptide, how does that create
a protein?
Proteins are formed by the shape and structure
of the polypeptide
The way the chain is folded up- determines what
type of protein it is…
• The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
• areas of folding or coiling within a protein;
• There are α helix or a β sheet
α Helix
(alpha helix)
• Is a helix structure that
is specific to proteins
that perform structural
duties such as
movement
β Sheet
(Beta Sheet)
• A folded structure that is
used to tell processes in the
body to keep going
• If these are having
problems, degenerative
disease happen
Lets make some proteins!
• Lipids include:
– Fats
– Oils
– Steroids
– Cholesterol
– Blubber
• They are made out of
Carbon, hydrogen, and Oxygen
Monomers:
Monoglycerides
2 monomers:
Diglycerides
Polymer:
Phospholipids
Fatty acids are used for:
Fatty acids are chains
of carboxyl (OH) acid
that link glycerides
together
1. Energy storage (long
term)
2. Cell membranes
3. Cell to cell signaling
Phospholipid:
• A phospholipid is the macromolecule of lipids/
fats:
– It is three or more glyceride molecules linked
together by a fatty acid– This process uses dehydration synthesis
What are the differences:
• Saturated= meaning hydrogen
• Unsaturated= no hydrogen- easier to break
down, not as unhealthy
• This means that they do not interact well with
water.
• Lipids are referred to as non-soluble and
hydrophobic meaning water fearing…
• A tri-glyceride or a phospholipid =
the majority of the energy used for our
metabolic properties- they create
• It is the way the molecule comes together that
forms a fatty acid:
• This means they are hydrophilic- meaning
they are able to interact with water….
• These are why our cell membranes can
transport water….