Viruses, Bacteria, Protists and Fungi
Viruses,
Bacteria,
Protists and
Fungi
Viruses
Vocabulary
Virus - tiny, nonliving, not cells, can multiply using a living host
Host – living organism that provides energy for viruses
Parasites – organisms that live on or in a host and cause them harm
Bacteriophage – virus that infects bacteria
Vaccine – substance introduced into the body to stimulate production of chemicals to destroy viruses
Notes
All viruses destroy their host
Vary in shape
Similar structure
1) protein coat (protection)
2) inner core (genetic material – instructions for making new viruses)
Protein on surface act as keys that will only match up with certain locks of hosts
Virus Multiplication
1) attach to cell (lock and key)
2) enters cell
3) virus’s genetic material takes over functions
4) instructs cell to produce virus’s proteins and genetic material
5) proteins and genetic material assemble into new viruses
6) bursts open
Active Virus – takes over immediately
Hidden Virus – hide, wait for right conditions, then copy
Spread in a variety of ways
No cure, can ease discomfort with meds
Treatment – rest, fluids, eat well-balanced meals
Bacteria
Vocabulary
Bacteria – single-celled prokaryote (no nucleus) organisms
Flagellum – long, whiplike structures, help with movement
Binary Fission – 1 cell divides to form 2 identical cells
Asexual Reproduction – involves only 1 parent, offspring exactly like parent
Sexual Reproduction – 2 parents, combine genetic material, different from both parents
Conjugation – sharing genetic material through a threadlike bridge, bacteria has new genetic material, then it divides through binary fission
Endospore – small, round, thick-walled, resting cells contain genetic material – helps bacteria survive harsh conditions. When conditions are suitable, it opens up, grows, multiplies
Pasteurization – process of killing bacteria in food using heat
Decomposers – organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms
Notes
Need flagella to move
Vary in size
3 basic shapes – spherical, rodlike, spiral
Must have source of food and a way to break it down to release energy
Food – autotrophs, chemically, heterotrophs
Respiration – breaking down food to get energy
Reproduction – frequently in right conditions
What bacteria does for us
~ Oxygen production
~ Food production
~ Environmental recycling (FBI)
~ Environmental clean-up (oil spills)
~ Health and medicine
BACTERIA CAN BE GOOD FOR YOU!!!!!!!
Protists
Vocabulary
Protists – eukaryotes, cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi (junk drawer) VERY DIVERSE
Protozoans – animal-like protists
Pseudopods – “false foot” temporary bulge of the cell – The Blob
Contractile Vacuole – structure that collects and removes water from the cell
Cilia – hairlike projections that help organisms move
Symbiosis – close relationship where at least 1 benefits
Mutualism – both partners benefit (type of symbiosis)
Algae - plantlike protists
Spore – tiny cell that can grow into a new organism
Notes
3 types – Animal-like, Plantlike and
Funguslike
Animal-like – heterotrophs, able to move and obtain food, unicellular
4 groups of Animal-like (mostly grouped by movement)
Sarcodines
Ciliates
Flagellates
Parasites
Sarcodines
Move and feed by pseudopods (ex. Amoeba,
The Blob)
Extend cytoplasm to move or engulf food
Have contractile vacuoles to remove excess water
Ciliates
Use cilia to move and obtain food (paramecium)
Cilia act like tiny oars
2 contractile vacuoles
>1 nucleus – large for everyday tasks small for reproduction
Reproduce asexually – binary fission or sometimes conjugation
Oral groove – “mouth”
Flagellates
Use 1 or more flagella to move (Giardia)
Live inside bodies of other organisms
Parasites
Characterized by the way they live – not movement
Move in a variety of ways
Feed on cells and body fluids of host
Plasmodium
Plantlike Protists - Algae
Autotrophs
Diverse – unicellular, multicellular, may live in colonies, many colors
Produce oxygen
Food source
6 types – Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Red
Algae, Green Algae, and Brown Algae
Diatoms
Unicellular
Glasslike cell walls
Food source for heterotrophs
Move by oozing slime
Used as scouring products or insecticide
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular
Stiff plates – like armor
Variety of colors
2 flagella
Glow in the dark
Euglenoids
Unicellular
Green
Can be heterotrophs
Fresh water
Red Algae
Multicellular
Deep in water
Ice cream, hair conditioner
Nutrient rich food
Green Algae
Green pigments
Most unicellular, can be multicellular in colonies
Mostly in the water
Closely related to land plants
Brown Algae
Multicellular
Most complex structure – blade, stalk/stipe, bladder, holdfast
Funguslike Protists
“sort of like” animals – heterotrophs plants – cell wall
Use spores to reproduce
Able to move at some point
3 types
Slime Mold brilliantly colored ooze to move
Water Molds and Downy Mildews live in moist places attack food crops
Fungi
Vocabulary
Fungi – eukaryotes, cell walls, heterotrophs (absorb food), use spores to reproduce, need moist and warm places to grow
Hyphae – threadlike tubes that make up the body of the fungus
Fruiting body – reproductive structures for fungi
Budding – form of asexual reproduction for yeast
(little mini-me)
Lichen – mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae or autotrophic bacteria
Notes
Range in size – tiny unicellular to large multicellular
Appearance of fungi depends on arrangement of hyphae
Absorb food through hyphae that grow into food, digestive chemicals break down food and then
“drinks” it up
Reproduce by making spores (million of them)
Spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be easily carried through air or water
Reproduce asexually and sexually asexually – cells divide to form spores or budding sexually – hyphae of 2 fungi grow together and exchange genetic material
3 groups of fungi
Club
Sac
Zygote
Fungi….
Provide food – yeast, mushrooms decompose (FBI) cause disease – parasites (cricket) fight disease – penicillin fungus-plant root association
Lichen – pioneer organism, indicator of air pollution
