MATTER
yes
MIXTURE
yes
Is the composition
uniform?
Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution)
PURE SUBSTANCE
no
Heterogeneous
Mixture
Colloids
no
Can it be physically
separated?
yes
Can it be chemically
decomposed?
Compound
Suspensions
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no
Element
Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.
Elements
only one kind
of atom; atoms
are bonded it
the element
is diatomic or
polyatomic
substance
with
definite
makeup
and
properties
Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
Compounds
two or
more kinds
of atoms
that are
bonded
Mixtures
two or
more
kinds of
and
two or more
substances
that are
physically
mixed
Matter Flowchart
Examples:
– graphite
element
– pepper
hetero. mixture
– sugar (sucrose)
compound
– paint
hetero. mixture
– soda
solution
homo. mixture
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Pure Substances
Element
– composed of identical atoms
– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Pure Substances
Compound
– composed of 2 or more elements
in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of
individual elements
– EX: table salt (NaCl)
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Pure Substances
Law of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same,
fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions
– Elements can combine in different ratios to
form different compounds.
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Pure Substances
For example…
Carbon, C
Carbon, C
Oxygen, O
Oxygen, O
Oxygen, O
Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Two different compounds,
each has a definite composition.
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Mixtures
Variable combination of two or more
pure substances.
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
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Mixtures
Solution
– homogeneous
– very small particles
– no Tyndall effect
Tyndall Effect
– particles don’t settle
– EX: rubbing alcohol
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Mixtures
Colloid
– heterogeneous
– medium-sized particles
– Tyndall effect
– particles don’t settle
– EX: milk
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Mixtures
Suspension
– heterogeneous
– large particles
– Tyndall effect
– particles settle
– EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
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Mixtures
Examples:
– mayonnaise
colloid
– muddy water
suspension
– fog
colloid
– saltwater
solution
– Italian salad
dressing
suspension
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Classification of Matter
Materials
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Substance
Element
Compound
Homogeneous
mixture
Heterogeneous
mixture
Solution
Order / Disorder
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 43
Mixture
Classification of Matter
MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)
Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES
MIXTURES
physical means into
Separated by
COMPOUNDS
ELEMENTS
chemical
means into
Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE
Classification of Matter
uniform
properties?
fixed
composition?
no
heterogeneous
mixture
no
solution
no
element
yes
compound
chemically
decomposable?
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
(a)
an element
(hydrogen)
(b)
a compound
(water)
hydrogen
atoms
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
(c)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
(d)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
(a)
an element
(hydrogen)
(b)
a compound
(water)
hydrogen
atoms
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
(c)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
(d)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
Mixture vs. Compound
Different
Alike
Variable
Composition
Involve
substances
Topic
No bonds
between
components
Can be
separated by
physical means
Mixture
Different
Fixed
Composition
Topic
Contain
two or more
elements
Can be
separated
into
elements
Compound
Bonds
between
components
Can ONLY be
separated by
chemical means
Compounds vs. Mixtures
• Compounds have properties that are
uniquely different from the elements from
which they are made.
– A formula can always be written for a compound
– e.g. NaCl  Na + Cl2
• Mixtures retain their individual properties.
– e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7
H2
N2 O2 F2
Cl2
Br2
F2
Products made from Sulfur
SULFURIC
ACID 88%
CARBON
DISULFIDE 3%
Magazines and printing papers
Writing and fine papers
Wrapping and bag papers
Sanitary and tissue papers
Absorbent papers
Rayon
Cellophane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Ruber processing
chemicals
Insecticides
Fungicides
Rubber vulcanizing
Soil sulfur
Containers and boxes
Newsprint
Pulp for rayon and film
Superphosphates
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
Mixed fertilizers
GROUND &
DEFINED 3%
PULP 3%
IRON & STEEL 1%
Autos
Appliances
Tin and other containers
Galvanized products
CHEMICAL 17%
PETROLEUM 2%
NONACID 12%
Synthetic detergents
Feed additives
Specialty steels
Anti-knock gasoline
Magnessium
Synthetic resins
Leather processing
Protective coating
Photography
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Oil well acidizing
Bleaching
Petroleum catalysts
Soybean extraction
Aluminum reduction
Paper sizing
Water treatment
Pharmaceuticals
Insecticides
Antifreeze
Explosives
Tire
Nonferrous metals
cords
Synthetic rubber
Viscose
Storage batteries
Paints and
Aviation
textiles
Textile finishing
enamels
Gasoline
Acetate
Linoleum and
textiles
coated fabrics
Lubricants
Blended
Paper
fabrics
Printing inks
Other
Cellophane
Refinery
Photographic
products
film
• Rhombic sulfur
– “Brimstone” (when
molten)
– Polyatomic (S8)
– Forms SO2
Sulfur
Amorphous sulfur
– (without shape)
The sudden cooling of m-sulfur
produces amorphous sulfur.
Crystalline
Amorphous
(Glass)
The Haber Process
Matter
Physically
separable
Substance
Definite composition
(homogeneous)
Element
(Examples: iron, sulfur,
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, silver)
Chemically
separable
Mixture of
Substances
Variable composition
Compound
(Examples: water.
iron (II) sulfide, methane,
Aluminum silicate)
Homogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
Uniform throughout,
also called a solution
(Examples: air, tap water,
gold alloy)
Nonuniform
distinct phases
(Examples: soup,
concrete, granite)
The Organization of Matter
MATTER
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE
Physical methods
PURE
SUBSTANCES
ELEMENTS
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 41
Chemical
methods
COMPOUNDS
Top Ten Elements
in the Universe
Element
1. Hydrogen
2. Helium
3. Oxygen
4. Carbon
5. Neon
6. Iron
7. Nitrogen
8. Silicon
9. Magnesium
10. Sulfur
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26
Percent
(by atoms)
73.9
24.0
1.1
0.46
0.13
0.11
0.097
0.065
0.058
0.044
A typical spiral galaxy
(Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
The Composition of Air
Nitrogen
Helium
Neon
Oxygen
Water
vapor
Air
Carbon
dioxide
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34
Argon
Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of nitrogen:
N2
Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of oxygen:
O2
Water consists of molecules consisting of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:
H2O
Argon consists of individual argon atoms:
Ar
Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting
of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom:
CO2
Neon consists of individual neon atoms:
Helium consists of individual helium atoms:
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35
Ne
He
Reviewing Concepts
Classifying Matter
• Why does every sample of a given substance
have the same properties?
• Explain why the composition of an element is
fixed.
• Describe the composition of a compound.
• Why can the properties of a mixture vary?
• On what basis can mixtures be classified as
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?