Thomas Jefferson’s
Presidency
1801-1809
The Beginning

March 4, 1801
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
Thomas Jefferson is the
first President inaugurated
in the new capital city of
Washington D.C.
He delivers his first
inaugural address. This
address outlines what he
feels are the essential
principles of government.
First Inaugural Address

Essential Principles of Government
“equal and exact justice to all men”
 “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all
nations”
 “the support of state governments”
 “the preservation of general government”
 punishment for those who choose to revolt
 compliance with the decisions of the majority

First Inaugural Address

Essential Principles of Government Cont…
“a well disciplined militia”
 honest payment of debts
 maintaining a sound economy
 proper distribution of information
 freedom of religion
 freedom of the press

Vice President Aaron Burr
 “Northern
Confederacy”
 Split from Rep. party
 Rivalry leads to a duel between Burr
and Hamilton
 Hamilton killed, Burr in exile
 Plotted to form his own empire in
the LA territory
The Duel
John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835)
 Sought
to increase Court’s
and fed. gov’t power
 Federalist ideas
 Marbury v. Madison
 Judicial review
 McCullough v. Maryland
 Implied powers
The Louisiana
Purchase
Let’s Review!
April 9, 1682: LaSalle claims
Louisiana Territory for France.
http://www.jmu.edu/madison/louispurchase.htm
1763- French and Indian War
ends

Reminder: France vs. Great Britain
 competing to be the most powerful
nation in Europe.
 Fighting because the British challenged
French control of the Ohio Valley
 American Indians and the Spanish
assisted the French.
http://www.philaprintshop.com/frchind.html
1763- French and Indian War
ends

France lost the war… and were afraid of
losing it’s holdings in Santo Domingo
 Santo Domingo helped support the French
Empire because of it’s lucrative cash crop of
sugar
 The Louisiana territory produced lumber, salt,
flour and food for the sugar islands
France deeds Louisiana Purchase to
Spain
French King Louis XV gave the Louisiana
Purchase to Spanish King Charles to make
up for Spanish losses in the French and
Indian War.
 True ultimatum for France: the Louisiana
Purchase was too expensive to protect.

1783: United States wins
independence from Britain!

New concerns for the United States:
 A European power, Spain, was on it’s
western boundary.
 Settlers moved westward, but the
Appalachian Mountains were in the way
of sending goods to the East coast.
U.S. Concerns
 The
Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were needed
to ship produce to the port of New Orleans,
and Spain owned both sides of the
Mississippi!
 (then the goods could be placed on an
ocean liner for shipment to Eastern states).
1795- Pinckney Treaty


U. S. negotiated with Spain so that the U.S.
could navigate the Mississippi River and use the
port of New Orleans.
This was very productive for the United States
1800 Napoleon plans to get back the
Louisiana Territory


Primarily to regain the West Indies (sugar isles).
The Louisiana Territory would provide good
and goods for the troops and slaves in the West
Indies
October 1, 1800: Treaty of San
Ildefonso



The SECRET TREATY
Spain returned the Louisiana Territory to France
AND gave them 6 war ships
France was supposed to hand over land in
Tuscany.
1802 Napoleon’s brother-in-law
arrives in the West Indies



General Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc The brother-in-law
Pauline Napoleon’s sister
Were planning to lead a charmed life in a
palace
1802 Napoleon’s brother-in-law
arrives in the West Indies

Toussaint L’Ouverture
 “Black Napoleon”
 In 1791 he had led a slave rebellion in Santo
Domingo.
 Became dictator of the island
 Defeated LeClerc and troops
 Was later kidnapped by Napoleon
1802: Jefferson and Lewis plan the
Expedition



Preliminary: Jefferson hoping to someday gain
New Orleans for the United States.
Had heard rumors of the Treaty of San
Ildefonso
Jefferson was hoping to keep France from
governing New Orlean’s important port.
1803: Ambassador Livingston in
Paris



Given permission by Jefferson to negotiate the
purchase of New Orleans for $2 million.
James Monroe soon joined him to assist in
negotiations.
Jefferson agreed that he’d increase spending to
$10 million because he feared that U. S. would
lose the use of the Mississippi River and New
Orleans.
Meanwhile, Napoleon’s
problems:



1. money lost while fighting Toussaint
L’Ouverture for 10 months. Without
possession of Santa Domingo, the Louisiana
Territory was useless to France.
Spain refused to sell Florida to France
Napoleon redirected attention to conquering all
of Europe… he needed money to do so.
Talleyrand, Napoleon’s Minister of
Foreign Affairs


First to offer to sell all of the Louisiana Territory
to Livingston
Barbe-Marbois, former representative of French
government in Philadelphia
 Friend of G. Washington, T. Jefferson, R.
Livingston, J. Monroe….
 Bonaparte’s “official negotiator
Negotiations:


Livingston and Monroe finally agreed to pay $15
million (the U.S. was in debt; didn’t really have
the money)
U.S. Congress had to rush ratification because
Napoleon was changing his mind.
Spain Protests



Spain was furious because they claimed that
Spain still owned the territory because France
never left the Kingdom of Etruria.
Jefferson threatened to take Louisiana by force
and attack the Floridas, too
Louisiana ownership was quickly deeded to
France so that….
America’s Louisiana Territory



…France could deed the Louisiana Territory to
the United States.
Lower Louisiana: transferred to the United
states on November 30, 1803
Upper Louisiana: transferred in St. Louis on
March 9, 1804
What was included?



The Purchase contained what now equates to portions
of 15 states in the US and 2 Canadian provinces.
The land that was bought enclosed all of Arkansas,
Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and
parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota,
New Mexico, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and
of course Louisiana. The land purchased also included
parts of what is now Alberta and Saskachewan in
Canada.
The land that was purchased in the Louisiana
Purchase now makes up about 23% of the territory of
the United States.
The Louisiana Purchase!!!
Barbary Wars

May 1801


Map of the Barbary Wars
Original Map can be found at:
http://www.mariner.org/usnavy/caption_pages
/06a_BarbaryWars.htm
Pasha of Tripoli declares
war with the United
States because President
Jefferson refused to make
the immediate payment of
$225,000 and the annual
payment of $25,000.
On the 20th Jefferson sent
the first naval fleet to the
area.

The ships included the
President, Philadelphia,
Essex and Enterprise.
Barbary Wars

In his first annual
message, Jefferson
addresses the Barbary
Wars.


Map of Tripoli
Original map can be found at:
http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/tripoli.html
He justifies his actions of
sending a naval fleet to
the Mediterranean.
He also outlines the
reasons the Pasha of
Tripoli declared war with
the United States.
Barbary Wars

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
1803 – Jefferson faces much
criticism for his decisions
made regarding the war
The Philadelphia runs
aground in the Tripoli
Harbor and it crew and
captain are taken captive
He is forced to make several
command changes.

Nautical Map of Tripoli
Original map can be found at:
http://historiccities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/maps/roux_1764_pl_55.html


1801- Commodore Richard
Dale
1802 – Commodore Richard
Morris
1803 – Commodore Edward
Preble
Barbary Wars

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
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Realizing that there was no
way to recapture the
Philadelphia, Commodore
Preble devises a plan to
destroy the ship
February 4, 1804 the
Philadelphia was destroyed.
August 3, 1804 the first attack
against Tripoli took place
when the Constitution’s guns
fired on the city.
September 1804 – the final
battle took place in the Tripoli
Harbor

September 1804 – Commodore
Barron arrived with backup for
Commodore Preble


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Commodore Barron, who is senior
in rank to Preble, continued the
blockade and started looking for a
new way to peace
Shortly after Commodore Barron
arrive, Commodore Preble retired
June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of
Tripoli had been replaced, a
treaty was made with the United
States and the prisoners were
released.
Embargo Act of 1807

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
1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between
France and Great Britain
America was once again trapped between the two
nations
Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an embargo
on all foreign trade
This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the
American Economy
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to
repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act
The War of 1812
Causes of the War of 1812
The War Begins
The Effects of the War on America
The Presidency of James
Madison




Elected in 1808
Virginian lawyer and
student of history
Wrote a large part of the
U.S. Constitution
Stood barely 5’4” and 120
pounds but, an intellectual
ahead of his time
Causes for the War of 1812


The British Navy is taking
American sailors from
American ships to sail on
British ships. This is called
impressment.
British sailors leave British
ships to sail on American
ships because they are treated
better and get paid very well
Causes for the War of 1812

The British army is
supporting Native American
resistance to Anglo expansion
on their land.
Causes for the War of 1812



The United States has a desire
to expand into more territory
like British Canada
The real cause for this land
grab is because of a poor
transportation system and
effects from the Embargo Act
Americans believe that seizing
more land will end the
depression
Causes for the War of 1812


The United States wants
to prove to Britain that
the victory of the
American Revolution
was not luck.
Americans demand
respect from the world.
Tecumseh and Indian
Nationalism



Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief
attempts to unify Indian tribes
that have been removed from
the Ohio River Valley
His brother, the Prophet
preached that Indians should
reject White ways and embrace
their heritage
The brothers have a large
following but their hopes are
destroyed at the battle of fallen
Timbers
American Shortcomings in The
War of 1812

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The military is poorly trained and led
The U.S. navy is no match for the British navy
American forces attempt to seize Canada but are
poorly led and militia forces
Americans are forced to fight a defensive war
against an invading professional army
The Battle of Thames


October 5, 1813, British and
Indian forces are defeated by
American forces in Canada
Tecumseh’s death ends
Indian resistance in the Ohio
River Valley
The Death of Tecumseh
The British Burn the Capital



August 1814, the British Army
invades the United States and
marches on Washington D.C.
After a brief fight the city
surrenders and nearly all
government buildings are
razed by fire
Madison rallies the American
public after this defeat
“The Star Spangled Banner”



Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge
witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry,
near Baltimore for 12 hours
In the morning he observed that the American flag still
flew over the fort and writes a poem called “The Defence
of Ft McHenry” it eventually becomes a song “The Star
Spangled Banner”
Americans rally to the war effort after the capital is
burnt down
“The Star Spangled Banner”
Things that make you go
hmmm


The Treaty of Ghent on
December 24, 1814 ends
the War of 1812. The war
is considered Staus quo ante
bellum
The Hartford Convention,
several New England states
fear that the war is lost and
actually talk about
becoming another country
The Battle of New Orleans


The American forces are a
multicultural motely band
of experienced soldiers
and warriors
The British, a trained
army are virtually mauled
by American forces hiding
behind earthworks and
cannons
The Battle of New Orleans


American forces at New
Orleans are led by General
Andrew Jackson whose army
inflicts great casualties on the
British army
Andrew Jackson will be
associated with winning the
war. People assume that this
victory is responsible for ending
the war.
A map of the Battle of New
Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans
The Impact of the War of 1812
1.
2.
3.
A sense of nationalism sweeps America.
Nationalism is a belief and sense of pride in one’s
country based on it’s achievements.
The nation will embark on foreign trade and begin
to build a transportation system in the United
States.
Native American resistance will be removed from
the Ohio River Valley permanently opening the
Midwest for expansion.