Principles of Classical Conditioning
Principles of Classical Conditioning
V-voluntary
O-operant
I-involuntary
C-classical
E-extra (no purpose. The E only completes the
word)
Classical Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A stimulus that, because of
learning, will evoke a
response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus innately capable of
eliciting a response
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR)
This is a non-learned response,
reflexes.
Conditioned response (CR)
These are learned responses
Principles of Classical Conditioning
During the training phase, or acquisition
phase, a conditioned response must be
reinforced.
Classical conditioning is then reinforced when
the Conditioned stimuli is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus.
What is
Generalization vs.
Discrimination?
We must try to link the bell with the lemon
juice, which should be done immediately.
Best delay is .5 seconds---5 seconds
Principles of Classical Conditioning
For many of today’s examples, we are going to use the
following scenario:
In order for us to observe conditioning occurring, we could
ring a bell, pour lemon juice into someone’s mouth, and
eventually condition salivation to the bell.
We could use these reactions to analyze other aspects of
classical conditioning.
Higher Order Conditioning
Classical conditioning that occurs when a
conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce
further learning.
Higher Order Conditioning occurs after the
response is actually learned, or after we learn
to salivate when the bell is ringed. Extending it
a step.
Is this Higher order conditioning?
Principles of Classical Conditioning
How does conditioning actually occur?
Psychologists feel that as we work at detecting
associations, we also create new expectations.
Anticipations of
future events
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
We briefly talked about this last block
Extinction occurs when the US never again
follows the CS.
The CR will gradually be weakened until it no
more is evident/extinct.
Spontaneous Recovery can occur as well.
With a partner, you have the remainder of the block to research any
experiment of your choice that pertains to learning and conditioning. Your
end product will be a presentation of 1-2 minutes describing your chosen
experiment.
Things to consider when researching and preparing your presentation:
1) Summary of the Experiment
2) Findings of the Experiment
3) Impact that the experiment has had on psychology
4) Impact that the experiment can have on life outside psychology
5) Interesting points you found, be creative
Operant Conditioning
Differs from classical
conditioning because we
associate responses with their
consequences.
Based on the principle that
things that are reinforced tend
to be repeated.
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning was
relatively passive, things
happen to the learner
Reward===========Reinforcer
Operant Conditioning is when
learning is voluntary by the
learning
Operant Conditioning
Much of what has been
learned, was done in a
conditioning chamber
(Skinner Box) designed for
studying operant conditioning.
Rewards/Reinforcers are used
to change the frequency of
responses.
Operant Conditioning
Just like with Classical
Conditioning, Operant is
based on expectancies as well.
Operant Reinforcement works
the very best when it is
response contingent, given
only after a desired response
has occurred
Operant Conditioning
What about superstitious
behaviors?
Operant Conditioning
Like we have discussed
previously, to get pets to do
complicated tricks we use
shaping.
This gradual molding of
responses relies on successive
approximations where we get
closer and closer to the end
response.
Operant Conditioning
Just like there was extinction
in classical conditioning,
operant extinction occurs as
well.
Negative Attention Seeking
Operant Conditioning
We have been discussing
Positive Reinforcements
Negative Reinforcement
Pleasant or desirable event
follows a response
Making a response removes
an unpleasant event
Negative Reinforcement is not a punishment
Operant Conditioning
Punishments differ from
negative reinforcements
because a punishment
Another type of punishment is
called response cost
any event following a
response that will decrease
the likelihood that it will occur
again.
Things such as fines, parents
grounding children, parking
tickets, or loss of allowance.
Operant Conditioning
Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers are the
things such as money, praise,
attention, approval, success,
affection, and grades.
Primary Reinforcers are the
natural, non-learned,
reinforcers that have their
root in biology
Food and water
Which have more impact?
A2-What did the
article say?
Learning Theorists research
You have the remainder of the block to research the following learning and
conditioning theorists.
-Albert Bandura
-BF Skinner
-Ivan Pavlov
-John Watson
-Edward Thorndike
-John Garcia
Beliefs, Research/Experiments,
Contributions
After you have finished researching, you need to choose one of the
theorists that you feel is the most important and create a biography poster.
-Background
-Contributions
-Why they are the most important
-Real-life implications
-Images