NOTE:
This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this presentation without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that they contain.
Thank you,
Vicki Hughes
Labs and Activities for this Presentation:
Photosynthesis Rap PPT
Compare Photo/Cell Resp Foldable
Gummy Bear Osmosis

What would you expect to find in a cell?

Types of Cells bacteria cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles animal cells plant cells
Eukaryotes
-
Have membrane bound organelles
What differences can you see between these cells?

Animal cell
Bacterial cell
Virus
Viruses are
NOT ALIVE!
Sizes 1:00 http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

The Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. New cells come from cells.
3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things.
May the CODE be with you!
1. ALTMC
2. NCFC
3. CBUSFLT

Organelles = membrane bound structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell.
Model Animal Cell

Cytoplasm
 jelly-like material holding organelles in place
Vacuole & vesicles
 transport inside cells
 storage
Mitochondrion
 make energy
Animal Cell
Lysosome
 food digestion
 garbage disposal & recycling
Nucleolus
 makes ribosomes
Nucleus
 protects DNA
 controls cell
Cell Membrane
 cell boundary
 controls movement of materials in & out
 recognizes signals
Ribosomes
 builds proteins
Golgi Apparatus
 packages proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 helps finish proteins
 makes membranes

What’s Different about this…
Plant Cell
Structure
Stores water and nutrients
Site of photosynthesis

To demonstrate a new method for fabricating three-dimensional living biological structures, researchers at the University of Tokyo’s Institute of
Industrial Science (IIS) have created a
5-millimeter tall doll composed of living cells.
ACT 26 & EOG 10
Any
Questions?
TED Ed History of Cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OpBylwH9DU

Keeping the Balance
Thirsty
Balanced Drink

Cell Membrane and Transport
Homeostasis = balance within a system
Cells maintain homeostasis by moving materials in and out as needed.

Movement Across a Cell Membrane
Cell membranes are selectively permeable meaning they allow some things to pass through but not others .
Equilibrium = balance
K+ K+
K+
Na+
Solutes = dissolved substances in the water
Na+
Na+
K+
Na+
Na+

Proteins
Nutrients
Fats

OSMOSIS = moving water only across a membrane
Osmosis always moves the water molecules from the area that has the highest concentration of water to the area with the lowest concentration of water until the two areas reach equilibrium.
High Low

Hypertonic solution high cell low
Water moves out
Isotonic = balanced
Hypotonic solution low cell high
Water moves in

Movement Across a Cell Membrane
Endocytosis brings materials
into the cell.
Exocytosis deposits materials out of the cell.
Cells transport LARGE PARTICLES by a process called
ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS .
Movement of
solids across the membrane is called phagocytosis .
Movement of
liquids across the membrane is called pinocytosis .

Movement Across a Cell Membrane
ACT 27
Cells transport particles
AGAINST THE GRADIENT by a process called
ACTIVE TRANSPORT .
Active
Transport requires
ENERGY!

ENERGY IN CELLS

WHAT DO ALL OF THESE HAVE IN COMMON?
They are all using energy!

Where do they get their energy?
Energy comes from the SUN.
Living cells get energy through REDOX reactions which release energy as heat .
All living cells make and use carbohydrates (carbon and water), the simplest of these being sugars .
The two processes by which living cells make their energy are called photosynthesis and cellular respiration .

Cycle of
Energy

Energy from Light, Water,
& Carbon Dioxide

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Potassium
Calcium
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

All energy on Earth starts with the SUN…
Plants can only use visible light wavelengths of the sun’s energy for photosynthesis

Why are leaves green?
Two reasons.
1. The sunlight that hits the leaf contains all of the colors of the visible light spectrum.

Why are leaves green?
Two reasons…
The colors that we do NOT see are all absorbed by the leaf.

Why are leaves green?
Two reasons…
The colors that we do see are reflected by the leaf.

Why are leaves green?
Two reasons…
2. Leaves are green because they contain Chlorophyll .
Chlorophyll is a pigment that can capture sunlight.

PLANT STRUCTURE & PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are only in plants.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.

sun
Sunlight is absorbed by plants.
Changing sunlight into food
H2O
+ CO
2
Plants convert the sunlight into chemical energy.
Plants use the chemical energy to make food from water and CO
2
.

The sugars that a plant creates through the process of photosynthesis is called a carbohydrate .
Carbohydrates are long chains of sugars made of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen molecules bonded together.

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + sun energy

C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
What three factors could affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Amount of light available to the cell.
Amount of CO2 available to the cell.
Amount of water available to the cell.
File: Photosynthesis Rap 4:00 min (ppt lyrics)
QUIZ TOMORROW!

Photosynthesis Rap
Chorus
Photosynthesis, letʼs get into this
Discussion of sunlight, and transfer of energy.
Photosynthesis, letʼs get into this
Process of chemical reactions and synergy.
Verse I
Plants take water, sun, and CO2, to make glucose: the sugar that they use for food
They also put oxygen into the air
So we can share, because oxygen is everywhere
The energy transforms from solar to chemical
All the time, everywhere, the process is identical
In every plant, and every tree
Enabling all living things to be

Verse II
Letʼs take a look at the light reaction
Making chemical energy when light is captured electrons flow through the photosystems
Flowing so fast you might have missed ʻem
Within the chloroplast lies the action
The thylakoid membrane is where it happens
ATP and NADPH
Are products of light, water, air, and space

Verse III
The Calvin cycle, or dark reaction
Doesnʼt need direct sunlight for it to run right.
CO2 from the air enters the chloroplast
Mixing with organic molecules for the last time
With the help of the enzyme Rubisco
Carbon Fixation—I thought you knew this yo!
It forms a carbohydrate known as G3P
Itʼs created, recreated, and recycled you see

Animals eat plants.
Animals breathe oxygen in.
Animals use energy.
How do animals get the energy out of the plants we eat?

Cellular Respiration = using oxygen to make ATP
Respiration = using blood to get oxygen to cells
Using up energy…
Needs oxygen
Pulls oxygen into lungs.
Lungs send oxygen to heart.
ATP
Cells use oxygen to make ATP.
Heart sends oxygen through arteries and then capillaries to cells.

Hemoglobin is the molecule in blood that carries oxygen.

Getting Energy out of Food is called…
Cellular = happens in the cells in the Mitochondria
Respiration = uses oxygen oxygen that we breathe in

ATP-ADP CYCLE
Cellular Energy is
ATP
!
ATP is
A denosine T ri P hosphate .
Adenosine Tri phosphate has three
(tri) phosphates in its tail.
Breaking a phosphate from the tail provides energy to the cell.
Adding a phosphate to the tail stores energy for the cell.
1
2
3
Tri = 3

How does the cell break the phosphate group off the ATP?
Just Add Water!
H
2
O
Hydro = water
Lys = to split
Hydrolysis
= process of adding H
2
O to ATP to break the phosphate bonds.

Where does Cellular Respiration happen?
What is this?

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) = making energy with NO OXYGEN
Yeast Fermentation: balloon experiment .
http://www.sciencebob.com
/experiments/yeast.php
http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=4SosPuWAg7g

Stages of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis = breaks glucose to give 2 ATPs.
2. Krebs Cycle = uses leftovers from glycolysis to give off 2 ATPs,
CO
2 and high energy electrons.
3. Electron Transport Chain = uses electrons from Krebs Cycle to make 32 ATPs.

Check your drawing!

Chemical Equation for Aerobic Respiration
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + ATP + heat
What factors could affect the rate of cell respiration?
Amount of glucose available to the cell.
Amount of oxygen available to the cell.

So, plants can make their own food.
What can animals do?
We can eat plants!

How are
Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis connected?
Photosynthesis plants
H2O CO
2 animals , plants
Cellular Respiration
ATP sun
O
2 glucose sugars

What is the connection between the chemical equations for
Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis?
Reactants of one are Products of the other!
Respiration
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + ATP
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + light energy

Photosynthesis
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

ACT L29 & EOG L11 TEST: CELLS
Any
Questions?
DE: Cell Structure and Function
(in My Content)