Viruses
Are viruses living or not living? List 5 reasons to support your answer.
Not living. Cannot reproduce without a host. No organelles. Requires a host to live. Cannot metabolize.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites…what does that mean?
Obligate: must, cannot otherwise
Intracellular: “intra” means inside, cellular means cell, so inside of a cell
Parasite: lives off another for survival
***Replicate only inside a host using the host’s cellular parts and food sources to survive***
What is a BACTERIOPHAGE?
A virus that can infect a bacteria (prokaryotic cell)
Capsid (Protein coat)
What are the steps in viral replication? Draw each picture
1.) Attachment
Genome
(DNA/RNA)
2.) Injection
3.) Replication
4.) Assembly
5.) Release
What is the differences between the LYTIC CYCLE and the LYSOGENIC CYCLE?
Lysogenic cycle holds the viral DNA in hiding in the cell for a long period of time before becoming active.
Why is it so hard to create vaccines against viruses?
>Viruses like HIV mutate very quickly so we cannot create vaccines to accommodate because they are always
changing
>Viruses like the flu mutate each year so scientists need to create a new vaccine to combat the virus
What do we use to combat viruses? Vaccines
What do we use to combat bacteria? Antibiotics
Bacteria
Are bacteria Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?
>Prokaryotes
What are the 2 Domains that make up Prokaryotes?
>Bacteria & Archae
What are some examples of Archaebacteria?
>live in extreme conditions: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles
What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
>Bacilli- rod shaped
(remember! L’s are rod shaped)
>Cocci- sphere shaped
(remember! O’s are circular)
>Spirilla- spiral shaped
(remember! S’s are spiral shaped)
What are the main groups of bacteria that we talked about?
>Diplo- 2 bacteria together
>Tetra- 4 bacteria together
>Strepto- 5 or more bacteria in a chain (remember strep-throat, and you wear chain necklaces on your throat)
>Staphylo- 5 or more bacteria in a cluster
Name these groups of bacteria:
1.)
4.)
Streptococci
Spirilla
2.)
5.)
Tetrabacilli
Staphylobacilli
3.)
Diplococci
MICROSCOPE
Can you name all of the parts of the Compound Light Microscope? Practice by using the diagram
below! If you can name parts A through H, you have mastered the microscope! Also, check out the
microscope quiz HERE, for more practice.
What do you need to do with the microscope at the end of the lab?
1.) Switch to the LOWEST objective
2.) Move the stage to the lowest position using the coarse adjustment knob
3.) Remove your slide from the microscope and properly remove the specimen and clean the slide
4.) Turn off the microscope, the camera, and the TV
5.) Put the “jacket” back on your microscope
What knob do you NEVER use on medium and high power?
The course adjustment knob (the big one)
What does the condenser do?
It changes the amount of light allowed through the specimen
What magnification does the eyepiece have?
10X
What is the TOTAL magnification for low, medium, and high powers?
A
Low: 10 x 4= 40x
Medium: 10 x 10= 100x
High: 10 x 40= 400x
Parts of the microscope
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
B
Eyepiece
Objective lenses
Stage Clips
Stage
Condenser
Light source
Fine focus
Course focus
C
D
H
E
G
F
How do you change mm to microns??
Multiply by 1000
HONORS: What is the field of view for each magnification?
Low: 5mm
Med: 2mm
High: .5mm
Taxonomy
Description, identification, naming, and the classification of organisms are used by scientists to organize the
millions of creatures that they have discovered.
Aristotle created the first taxa system based on where the organism lived (air, land, water). This was rejected because it
was not specific enough. Some organisms live in both land and water for example.
We rely on an updated Linnaeaus Classification System using the 8 levels of classification:
Domain
Kingdom
Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Grape
Soda
Binomial NomenclatureWhat two levels of classification make up a scientific name?
Genus and Species
Write the scientific name for humans correctlyHomo sapiens (hand written)
What would be different if we were typing the scientific name?
Text would be italicized: Homo sapiens
Most General
Most Specific
Cells
Which process has the organization of living things in the correct order from most basic to most complex?
A.) Biological Molecule ->Atom -> Cell -> Organelle -> Tissue -> Organ
B.) Atom -> Biological Molecule -> Cell -> Organelle -> Tissue -> Organ
C.) Atom -> Biological Molecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ
D.) Organelle -> Biological Molecule -> Organ -> Atom-> Tissue -> Cell
Answer: C
Who discovered the first cells using a microscope?
Robert Hooke, he viewed slices of cork
Who viewed the first living organisms under a microscope?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (L for living)
What did Schleidern, Schwann and Virchow all discovered different information about cells which led to the
formation of the CELL theory!
Put the correct phrase in each statement to complete the Cell Theory:
A.) come only from
B.) existing cells
C.) one or more cells
D.) basic units
1.) All living things are made of _______C________
2.) Cells are the __________D____________ of structure and function in an organism
3.) Cells ____________A______________ the reproduction of ____________B_______________
Answer: 1.)C 2.)D 3.)A B
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
Literally Means: “Before Nucleus”
No membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria- Eubacteria & Archeabacteria
Literally Means: “True Nucleus”
Have membrane-bound organelles
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
Distinguish between the words… Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, Saprophytic, and Chemosynthetic
Autotrophic: make own food
Heterotrophic: eat others for food
Saprophytic: excrete enzymes into soil in order to break down and ingest food
Chemosynthetic: uses minerals and CO2 to make organic compounds for food
Are Bacteria autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Both
CATEGORY
Viral
EXAMPLE DISEASES
HIV, Influenza, Hepetitis
Treatement/Prevention
Vaccine
Bacterial
Staph, Strepthroat, Lyme disease, tooth decay
Antibiotic
Protists
Girardia, sleeping sickness, Maleria, Amebic Dysentary
Fungus
Athletes foot, ringworm, Dutch Elm
Drink clean water, wear long sleeves,
mosquito nets
Antifungal
Label the following parts:
Anterior- Head
Posterior- Tail
Dorsal - Back
Ventral- Belly/underside
Practice identifying symmetry in these aquatic animals
A.) Asymmetry
B.) Bilateral Symmetry
C.) Radial Symmetry
Which systems of the body deal with:
Metabolism:
Homeostasis:
A
B
C
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE compared to SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
A. Response- Which system of the body does this pertain to? Nervous system
What are some examples of this system? List them from simplest to complex
Nerve net, ganglia, nerve cord, brain
B. ORGANIZATION AND CELLS – For each Kingdom, which organisms are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic
celled organisms?
KINGDOM
HETERO/AUTOTROPHIC UNICELLULAR/MULTICELLULAR EXAMPLES
Archeabacteria
PRO or
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Prokaryotic
Both
Unicellular
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Both
Unicellular
Protists
Eukaryotic
Both
Unicellular or multicellular
Fungus
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Plants
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Animals
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Methanogens
Halophiles
Streptococcus
Staphylo
Ameba
Euglena
Molds
Mushrooms
Trees
Flowers
Birds
Dogs
Humans
C.
METABOLISM - all chemical reactions in body
Digestive system: What are the 2 types of digestive systems and give an example of organisms that use this.
1. gastrovacular cavity - one opening
ex) sponge, jellyfish
2. digestive tract – two openings
ex) earthworm, humans
Respiratory System: What are the 3 types of respiratory systems and give an example of organisms that use this.
1. lungs
ex)humans
2. gills
ex) fish, clam
3. diffusion
ex) earthworm
D. HOMEOSTASIS - steady state
Circulatory System – When blood always stays in the vessels it is called a CLOSED circulatory system.
What type do we have as humans? CLOSED
E.
REPRODUCTION: List the similarities and differences between
Sexual
Asexual
1 Parent
2 Parents
Unique offspring
Produce
Offspring
Same Offspring