Warm Up
 What is the nervous system?
 What is it made up of? (anatomy)
 What does it do? (physiology)
 Write down all you know about the nervous system
 What questions would you like answered this unit
about the nervous system?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Explain three parasympathetic effects as well as three sympathetic
effects on the body
 Agenda:
 Guided Notes: Intro to Nervous System
 Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Activity
 Summary Video
 Extension: Coffee
 Closing
 Homework:
 Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
Guided Notes: Intro to Nervous System
Three functions:

Gather stimuli

Integrate stimuli

Generate response
Divisions:

Central—brain and spinal cord

Peripheral—all other nerves
 Afferent Nerves—gather sensory stimuli


EX: pain, touch, deep pressure, stretch
Efferent Nerves—generate motor response


Somatic System—nerves to skeletal muscles, voluntary
Autonomic System—nerves to cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands, involuntary


Parasympathetic System—“rest and digest”
Sympathetic System—“fight or flight”
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Activity
 As a class we will discover the parasympathetic nervous
system’s “rest and digest” effects on the body as well as the
sympathetic nervous system’s “fight or flight” effects on the
body.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41xuS84tYAM
Summary Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2GywoS77qc
Extension: Coffee
 How many people drink coffee?
 Which system does coffee stimulate?
 How do you know?
 Is coffee good or bad for you?
 As you watch the following video, make a pros and cons T chart
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lutMjeIIm-w
Closing
 Is coffee good or bad for you?
 Write a persuasive letter to a friend or family
member convincing them that it is either ok or not
ok to drink coffee
Warm Up
 What is a polygraph? What does a polygraph
measure?
 Take out homework for Ms. McGowan to check
 Objective:

SWBAT
 Explain the functions of the 6 parts of a neuron
 Agenda:





Review Homework and Discussion of Coffee (10 minutes)
Tomcfad Rap and Discussion of Epipens (7 minutes)
Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy of Nervous System (7 minutes)
Neuron Modeling Activity (20 minutes)
Closing (6 minutes)
 Homework:

Color and Label Neuron
Review Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic
Effects T Chart
 Follow along as Ms. McGowan reviews your
homework
 Coffee drinkers: do the effects of coffee sound more
similar to the parasympathetic column or the
sympathetic column?
 What in coffee stimulates this system’s effects?
Tomcfad Summary Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5XnHtklFjI&list=PL47DE6F1B128
757BD
 What neurotransmitter is responsible for signaling parasympathetic
effects?
 What neurotransmitter is responsible for signaling sympathetic
effects?
 How does this make sense with what you know about epipens used
to treat allergic reactions?


What body changes occur during allergic reactions?
How does an epipen reverse these dangerous body changes?
Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy
Neurons
 Dendrites—fibers that receive message
 Cell body—contains nucleus and all other organelles except nucleolus
 Axon—single fiber that conducts message
 Used 1mm diameter squid giant axon to study
 Longest in human body is from base of spine to big toe
 Axon terminals—end of axon that contains neurotransmitters
 Synaptic cleft—gap between neuron axon terminal and next neuron
or cell
Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy
Supporting Cells
 Myelin sheath—white fatty insulation wrapped around neurons that
speeds signal
 Oligodendrocytes—specific cells that form myelin sheath around
CNS neurons
 Schwann cells—specific cells that form myelin sheath around PNS
neurons
 Nodes of Ranvier—areas of unmyelinated axon between each myelin
sheath
 Saltatory conduction—process by which action potential jumps from
node to node, speeding signal transmission
 Can reach speed of 268 mph compared to only 56 mph in
unmyelinated axon
Neuron Modeling Activity
 Follow along on your activity sheet to model
saltatory conduction with one another as well as
model the neuron with pipecleaners and cheerios
Warm Up
 The brain and spinal cord have distinct areas of
white matter as well as gray matter. Why are certain
sections of the brain white while others are gray?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Explain the 3 steps of an action potential as well as the 4 steps of
signal transmission at the synaptic cleft
 Agenda:
 Guided Notes: the Action Potential and the Synaptic Cleft with
accompanying animations (20 minutes)
 Action Potential Modeling Activity (20 minutes)
 Closing (5 minutes)
 Homework:
 Finish Action Potential Modeling Activity
Guided Notes: the Action Potential

Normally: inside of neuron is negative (polarized) with Na+
on outside and K+ on inside

Strong stimuli signals action potential:
 All-or-none principle—threshold of excitation is either
reached or not reached (travels entire axon or not at
all)

Depolarization (cell becomes more positive): Na+ channels
open so Na+ rushes into cell

Repolarization (cell becomes more negative): Na+ channels
close and K+ channels open so K+ rushes out of cell

Hyperpolarization: (cell becomes more negative than
resting potential): K+ channels close and Na+/K+ pump that
moves 3Na+ out and 2K+ in restores initial membrane
potential
 Neuron cannot propagate another signal until
membrane potential is restored
Guided Notes: the Synaptic Cleft
 Steps:
 When action potential reaches axon
terminal, Ca2+ rushes in
 This signals vesicles of neurotransmitter
to fuse with membrane
 Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic
cleft
 Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on
next cell, transmitting the signal to the
next neuron or cell
Guided Notes: Neurotoxins
 Na+ channel inhibitors
 Sedatives and anesthetics
 Tetrodotoxin in pufferfish
 Inhibits vesicle release
 Botulinum toxin in Botox
 Tetanus toxin from bacteria on rusty metal
 Blocks receptors
 Bungarotoxin in snakes
Action Potential Modeling Activity
 Follow the directions on your worksheet to model
the flow of Na+ and K+ ions during an action
potential using milk chocolate and white chocolate
chips
 Once you have completed your activity,
demonstrate your model for Ms. McGowan
Closing
 In the neuron, signal transmits via the action
potential. Between neurons, signal transmits via
neurotransmitter. Which is electrical? Which is
chemical?
Warm Up
 Why is it dangerous to eat pufferfish? Be as specific
as possible.
 Objective:

SWBAT
 Explain why doctors test reflexes
 Agenda:




Action Potential and Synaptic Cleft Animations/Turn in Lab (6 minutes)
Guided Notes: Reflexes (6 minutes)
Reflexes versus Reactions Lab (25 minutes)
Closing (6 minutes)
 Homework:


Finish Reflexes versus Reactions Lab
If you will not be here on Friday: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas
Readings
Guided Notes: Reflexes

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
 Even though involuntary, can be either:


Somatic--affecting skeletal muscles
Autonomic--affecting cardiac or smooth muscles

EX: papillary light reflex, corneal reflex, salivary reflex, gag reflex, patellar jerk reflex,
plantar reflex, pain reflexes

Reflex arc—nerve pathway signaling a reflex that contains as little as two neurons
 The more neurons involved, the longer it takes the body to respond

Importance: change in a reflex suggests issue with nervous system
Reflexes versus Reactions Lab
 Follow the directions on your lab to compare 4
measured reflexes to measured reaction time
Warm Up
 Grab a worksheet on Kalyn’s desk
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Explain how laughing gas affects the nervous system
 Agenda:
 Reading: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas
 Closing
 Homework:
 Have a fantastic break!
Reading: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing
Gas
 Read the two articles and answer their respective
questions
Warm Up
 How does laughing gas affect the nervous system?
 Take out your homework for collection
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Describe one responsibility of the brains 4 lobes and the
cerebellum
 Agenda:
 Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain
 Brain Playdough Model
 Closing
 Homework:
 Brain Size and Lateralization Readings
 Quiz tomorrow on everything up until now (excluding
brain learning from today): divisions, neurons, action
potential, synaptic cleft, neurotoxins, reflexes
Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain

Cerebrum:
 Gyri—elevated ridges
 Sulci—shallow grooves
 Fissures—deeper grooves
 Lobes:

Frontal—reasoning, planning, emotions, problem-solving



Parietal—perception of pain, temperature, and pressure stimuli
Temporal—perception of auditory stimuli, speech, memory



Contains Broca’s area
 Broca’s aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)—can understand, but can’t
produce speech
Contains Wernicke’s area
 Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)—can’t understand, but can
produce (random) speech
Occipital—vision
Corpus callosum—connects two cerebral hemispheres
Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain

Diencephalon:
 Thalamus—relays sensory information
 Hypothalamus—homeostasis of body temperature, thirst,
and hunger, as well as emotion (pain, pleasure, sex)
 Pineal gland—circadian rhythm
 Pituitary gland—releases hormones for various functions

Brain stem:
 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla Oblongata—heart rate, blood pressure, breathing,
swallowing, vomiting

Cerebellum—balance

Motor homunculus-- visual depictions of the amount of brain
devoted to the functioning of various body parts
Aphasia Videos
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o9La8cn7DI
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvEQ6ew
Brain Playdough Model
 Follow along on your worksheet to create a model
of the 7 major parts of the brain using playdough
Closing
 What two parts of the body make up the most of
the sensory and motor homunculi? Why is this?
Warm Up
 Are you left brained or right brained? How do you
know?
 Take out homework for collection as well as
yesterday’s lab (if you didn’t finish)
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive
 Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after
administration
 Agenda:
 Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos
 Guided Notes: Spinal Cord and CNS Protection
 Mouse Party
 Closing
 Homework:
 Quiz Review Sheet
 Study for Quiz on Tuesday
Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk
Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Spinal
Cord
 17 inches long from foramen magnum to last thoracic
vertebrae
 Cauda equina—“horse’s tail,” spinal nerves that travel
from end of spinal cord through rest of spinal column
 Dorsal/ascending pathway—sensory nerves
 Ventral/descending pathway—motor nerves
 Keep in mind that left brain tends to control right
body and right brain tends to control left body
Guided Notes: CNS Protection

Meninges—three layers of connective tissue between skull
and brain
 Dura mater—most superficial, hard and thin layer
 Arachnoid mater—middle, thick space with blood vessels
 Pia mater—deepest, flexible and thin layer

Brain specific:
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—watery cushion in and around
brain
 Blood-brain barrier—brain contains least permeable
capillaries to maintain constant internal environment
 However, fat-soluble molecules still readily pass through fatty
plasma membrane

CSF and blood vessels interact in arachnoid space
Mouse Party
 Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning
Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your
worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy,
marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect
the brain
Closing
 Why are alcohol and nicotine so addictive?
Warm Up
 Why is the middle layer of the meninges termed
arachnoid mater or space?
 Take out your quiz review for completion points
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive
 Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after
administration
 Agenda:
 Quiz Review
 Quiz
 Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos
 Mouse Party
 Closing
 Homework:
 Finish Mouse Party
Quiz Review
 Follow along as we review your neurons quiz review
sheet!
Neurons Quiz
 Please put everything away except for a writing
utensil
 Raise your hand if you have a question during your
quiz
 Hold on to your quiz when you finish—I will collect
them all at once
 Good luck!
Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk
Mouse Party
 Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning
Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your
worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy,
marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect
the brain
Warm Up
 How did Phineas Gage change after the railroad
accident that sent a metal rod through his skull?
Why was he affected in this way?

Objective:

SWBAT



Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive
Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration
Explain why expecting mothers are urged to abstain from alcohol
and nicotine
 Explain why orthostatic hypotension is common in the elderly

Agenda:





Finish Mouse Party
Guided Notes: Development
Application Questions
Closing
Homework:


Brain Quiz Review due Friday
Brain Quiz Friday
Mouse Party
 Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning
Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your
worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy,
marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect
the brain
Guided Notes: Development

Nervous system develops within 1st month of conception

Hypothalamus develops in last trimester

Myelination develops during childhood
 As evidenced by neuromuscular control

Sympathetic nervous system declines over time
 EX inability to constrict blood vessels

Senility—forgetfulness and irritability with old age
 Caused by decline in cardiovascular system, less O2 to
brain
Application Questions
 Work together to complete your half sheet of
development application questions
Closing
 Why are many elderly senile?