PowerPoint
® to accompany
Chapter 28
Second Edition
Ramutkowski  Booth  Pugh  Thompson  Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1

Objectives
28-1 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter.
28-2 Describe the structure of the heart and the function of each part.
28-3 Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
29-4 List the most common heart sounds and what events produce them.
28-5 Explain how heart rate is controlled.
2

Objectives (cont.)
28-6 List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions of each.
28-7 Define blood pressure and tell how it is controlled.
28-8 Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
28-9 List the major arteries and veins of the body and describe their locations.
28-10 List and describe the components of blood.
3

Objectives (cont.)
28-11 Give the functions of red blood cells, the different types of white blood cells, and platelets.
28-12 List the substances normally found in plasma.
28-13 Explain how bleeding is controlled.
28-14 Explain the differences among type A blood, type B blood, type AB blood and type O blood.
28-15 Explain the difference between Rh positive blood and Rh negative blood.
4

Objectives (cont.)
28-16 Explain the importance of blood typing and tell which blood types are compatible.
28-17 List the organs of the lymphatic system and give their locations and functions.
28-18 Define lymph and tell how it is circulated in the body.
28-19 Describe signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the heart, blood vessels, blood and the lymphatic system.
5


Circulation is the process of sending blood:
 To the lungs to pick up oxygen

To the digestive system to pick up nutrients

For delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all organ systems of the body

The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels.

This system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems so these wastes can be removed from the blood.
The lymphatic system is included because it also circulates fluids throughout the body. 6


A cone-shaped organ about the size of a loose fist

Within the mediastinum and extends from the level of the second rib to about the level of the sixth rib

Slightly left of the midline of the body.

Heart is bordered:
 laterally by the lungs
 posteriorly by the vertebral column
 anteriorly by the sternum

Inferiorly the heart rests on the diaphragm.
7

Coverings and Walls of the Heart

Heart Coverings

Pericardium - covers the heart and large blood vessels

Visceral pericardium
- innermost layer

Parietal pericardium
- lays on top of the visceral pericardium
Click for Larger View

Heart Walls:

Epicardium - the outermost layer

Myocardium - the middle layer

Endocardium - the innermost layer
8

9


Heart contains four hollow chambers

Two atria – left and right

Two ventricles
– left and right
Click for Larger View
10

11

A.
D.
E.
C.
B.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Identify the Parts of the Heart
Click Next for Answers
12

A.
Aortic arch
B.
Right pulmonary artery
C.
Superior vena cava
D.
Ascending aorta
E.
Right pulmonary veins
F.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
G.
Right Atrium
H.
Right ventricle
I.
Tricuspid valve
J.
Inferior vena cava
K.
Descending aorta
L.
Left pulmonary artery
M.
Pulmonary trunk
N.
Left pulmonary veins
O.
Left atrium
P.
Aortic semilunar valve
Q.
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
R.
Septum
S.
Left ventricle
13


Tricuspid valve - prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

Bicuspid valve - prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

Pulmonary valve - prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle

Aortic valve - prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
14

Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated out to body blood in blood in lungs
Deoxygenated blood in from body
Atria Contract
Deoxygenated blood out to lungs
Ventricles Contract
15


One cardiac cycle you can hear two heart sounds (lubb and dupp) when valves in the heart snap shut

Lubb – 1 st sound - when the ventricles contract and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut

Dupp – 2 nd sound - when the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut.
16

Your 8-year-old patient has asked you why his heart makes two noises. What would you tell him?
17

Apply Your Knowledge
Answer
Your 8-year-old patient has asked you why his heart makes two noises. What would you tell him?
Lubb – 1 st sound - when the ventricles contract and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
Dupp – 2 nd sound - when the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
18


Cardiac conduction system consists of a group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart.

When cardiac muscle receives an electrical impulse, it will contract.
19


Arteries and Arterioles
 strongest of the blood vessels
 carry blood away from the heart easily and are under high pressure
 have thick walls

Veins and Venules
 no pressure in veins - does not move very easily
 valves in veins prevent blood from flowing backwards
20


Branches of arterioles - the smallest type of blood vessel

Connect arterioles to venules - only about one cell layer thick

Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell

Carbon dioxide and other waste products can pass out of a body cell into a capillary
21


Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels - highest in arteries and lowest in veins

Systolic pressure - ventricles contract, blood pressure is greatest in the arteries

Diastolic pressure -the ventricles relax, blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest

Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number.
22


Blood pressure is controlled to a large extent by the amount of blood pumped out of the heart

Starling's law of the heart blood enters the left ventricle, the wall of the ventricle is stretched. The more the wall is stretched, the harder it will contract, and the more blood it will pump out.
 Baroreceptors also help regulate blood pressure

Low BP causes the cardiac center of the brain to increase heart rate
23


Pulmonary Circuit
 right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> heart (left atrium)

Systemic Circuit
 left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> vena cava --> heart (right atrium)
24


Arterial System
 carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
 pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood
 paired - left and right artery of the same name
25

(cont.)

Venous System

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Pulmonary veins – carry oxygen rich blood

Large veins often have the same names as the arteries they run next to

Hepatic portal system
 collection of veins carrying blood to the liver
Click for
Larger View
26

Major Blood
Vessels
(cont.)
27

Your patient wants to know what the bottom number of his blood pressure means. What would you say?
28

Apply Your Knowledge
Answer
Your patient wants to know what the bottom number of his blood pressure means. What would you say?
Diastolic pressure is when the ventricles of the heart relax, blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest.
29


A type of connective tissue

Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)

White blood cells
(leukocytes

Platelets-contains cell fragments

Plasma - fluid part of blood (55% of blood)
Average-sized adult contains - 5 liters of blood
Hematocrit (45%) percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood
30


Transport oxygen throughout the body

Are biconcave-shaped cells that are small enough to pass through capillaries

Hemoglobin is a pigment found on RBCs

Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen and is bright red in color

Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen and is a darker red color
31

(cont.)
32

Granulocytes

Neutrophils – (55%) destroying bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the blood stream

Eosinophils – (3%) getting rid of parasitic infections such as worm infections

Basophils –(1%) control inflammation and allergic reactions
Agranulocytes
 Monocytes – (8%) destroying bacteria, viruses, and toxins in blood

Lymphocytes – (33%) immunity for the body
33


Fragments of cells that are found in the blood stream

Thrombocytes are important in the clotting of blood

130,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of blood
34


Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding

Three processes of hemostasis

Blood vessel spasm

Platelet plug formation

Blood coagulation
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36

Blood plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
Consists of:

Mostly water

Mixture of proteins
 Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Nutrients

Amino acids

Glucose
 Nucleotides
 Lipids

Gases

Electrolytes

Waste products
37

Does the pulmonary arteries carry high levels oxygen or low levels of oxygen in the blood?
38

Apply Your Knowledge
Answer
Does pulmonary arteries carry high levels oxygen or low levels of oxygen in the blood?
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood
39

Blood Type Antigen
Present
A A
Antibody
Present
B
Blood that can be received
A & 0
B
AB
0
B
AB
None
A
None
A & B
B & O
A, B, AB, & O
O
40


Rh positive person has red blood cells that contain the Rh antigen

Rh negative red blood cells do not contain the Rh antigen

Rh positive blood is given to Rh negative person and antibodies form

Second time this occurs antibodies will bind to the donor cells and agglutination will occur
41

What type(s) of blood could a patient who has type B blood receive without complications?
42

Apply Your Knowledge
Answer
What type(s) of blood could a patient who has type B blood receive without complications?
Type B & O
43


A network of connecting vessels that collect fluids between cells

Lymphatic vessels then return this fluid
(called lymph) to the blood stream

Picks up lipids from the digestive organs and transports them to the blood stream

Defend our bodies against diseasecausing agents called pathogens
44


Lymph Nodes
 digest unwanted pathogens in the lymph
 start an immune response against the pathogen

Thymus
 production of T lymphocytes & hormone called thymosin

Spleen
 largest lymphatic organ
 spleen also removes worn out red blood cells from the circulation
45


Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary

Pushed through the vessels by the squeezing action of skeletal muscles

Contain valves that prevent the backflow of lymph
Lymph Node
46

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Anemia a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells

Aneurysm defined as a ballooning of an artery wall that results when the wall of the blood vessel becomes weak
47

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System
(cont.)

Carditis - an inflammation of the heart
 most commonly referred to as endocarditis, myocarditis, or pericarditis depending on the layer of the heart affected

Congestive heart failure - a slowly developing condition in which the heart weakens over time.
48

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System
(cont.)

Coronary artery disease – (atherosclerosis) characterized by narrowing of coronary arteries

Heart arrhythmias – abnormal heart rhythms in which the heart beats too quickly
(tachycardia) or too slowly (bradycardia)

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – damage to cardiac muscle that is due to a lack of blood supply
49

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System
(cont.)

Hypertension (high blood pressure)
 defined as consistent resting blood pressure
140/90 mm Hg or higher

Leukemia
 a condition in which the bone marrow produces a large number of white blood cells that are not normal

Murmurs
 simply defined as abnormal heart sounds
50

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System
(cont.)

Sickle cell anemia
– a condition in which abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to change to a sickle
(crescent) shape

Thrombophlebitis
– a condition in which a blood clot and inflammation develop in a vein

Varicose veins
– dilated veins and are usually seen in the legs
51

The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her?
52

Apply Your Knowledge
Answer
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her?
Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
53

Knowledge of the circulatory system will assist you in providing care for the patient with diseases and disorders of the circulatory system.
You must have knowledge of this system especially when assisting the physician during his examination of the circulatory system.
54

End of Chapter
55