Ch 11 and 19 Final
Exam Review
What has caused fresh water to become
one of our most threatened resources?
 Pollution and misuse

In what three states may water be found
on Earth?
 Solid, liquid, gas

Why is water considered to be a
renewable resource?
 It is circulated in the water cycle.

Fresh water found on Earth’s land.
 Surface water

The area of land that is drained by a river
is known as a _________.
 Watershed

The ___________________ system
drains water from about 30 states.
 Mississippi River

What is interesting about the location of
major cities and watersheds?
 Most major cities are not built near
watersheds. Watersheds are where you
can find the most water.

Water beneath the Earth’s surface in
sediment and rock formations is called
__________.
 groundwater

The level at which water saturates rock
and soil.
 Water table

An underground formation that contains
groundwater.
 Aquifer

The percentage of the total volume of a
rock that has spaces.
 porosity

The ability of rock or soil to allow water to
flow through it.
 Permeability

Materials such as clay or granite that do
not allow the flow of water are
_____________.
 Impermeable

_____________, located in Siberia near
the Mongolian border, is the largest lake
in the world. It makes up 20% of the
world’s surface fresh water. It would take
the water of the 5 great lakes to fill it
back up. It is the only lake to support
freshwater dolphins.
 Lake Baikal

An area of the Earth’s surface from which
water percolates down into an aquifer is
called a __________.
 Recharge zone.

Why are recharge zones environmentally
sensitive areas?
 Pollution in the recharge zone can enter
the aquifer

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
A hole that is dug to reach water.
A well


Why do we dig wells for water?
The ground purifies the water as it travels
underground.
What does the phrase “We all live
downstream” mean?
 When a water supply is polluted or
overused, everyone living downstream
may be affected.

How many people according to the World
Health Organization, lack access to clean
water?
 1 billion

Water must be treated to make it
________, which means safe to drink.
 Potable

Organisms that cause illness or disease.
 pathogens

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A method of providing plants with water from
sources other than direct precipitation.
Irrigation
Huge canals built by the romans that brought
water from the mountains to their cities.
Aqueducts
A structure built across a river to control the
water’s flow.
A dam
An artificial lake formed behind a dam.
 Reservoir

A system that uses perforated tubing to
slowly water plants. The water is directed
toward the roots.
 Drip Irrigation System

Designing a landscape to use a minimum
of water.
 xeriscaping

The process of removing salt from salt
water.
 Desalination

The solid material that remains after
water treatment.
 Sewage sludge

What is the largest source of nutrients
that may cause artificial eutrophication.
 Phosphates from detergent, fertilizer from
lawns and gardens.

A type of pollution that results from the
increase in temperature of water.
 Thermal pollution

The buildup of pollutants at higher levels
of the food chain.
 Biomagnification

A material is __________ if it can be
broken down by elements of the natural
environment.
 biodegradable

Synthetic materials that are not easily
broken down by the environment.
 Nonbiodegradable materials like plastic
and polyester

The waste produced by households and
businesses.
 Municipal solid waste

What material represents the largest
percentage of municipal solid waste?
 paper

A permanent waste disposal facility where
wastes are put in the ground and covered
each day.
 Landfill

A liquid that has passed through
compacted solid waste in a landfill.
 Leachate

Decomposing organic waste in landfills
produces ________.
 methane
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Using an _________ is a possible alternative
to landfills.
Incinerator
The process of reusing materials or
recovering valuable materials from waste or
scrap.
Recycling
A dark brown crumbly material made from
decomposed plant and animal matter.
compost
A type of plastic made from the blending
of sugars in plants with chemicals in order
to make biodegradable plastic.
 Green plastic

Any waste that is a risk to the health of
humans or other living things.
 Hazardous waste
