Chapter 7
Section 1
 Eli Whitney sparks
change
 Interchangeable parts
 From artisans to factories
 Allows for mass
production
 Cheapest but most
profitable
 Sparks the Industrial
Revolution
 Started in Britain
 Power driven machines
 US had more people
than jobs
 In America during
Embargo 1807 & War of
1812
 Starts in New England
 Leads to social &
economical
reorganization
 Agriculture grows in north
 OH, IN, IL, WI, MI
 Small farms, no cash crops
 No major labor, slavery dies
out
 Cash crops thrive in south
 Whitney’s cotton gin
 Mass produce cotton
 Large plantations, demand
for slavery
 Plantations require large
labor force
 Slaves profitable
 Production of cotton
increased # of slaves
 1790-1810:
 Cotton production
 3,000 bales to 178,000
bales
 Slave population
 700,000 to 1.2 million
 Madison’s Plan
 Protective tariff
 Resurrecting national
bank
 Transportation systems
 Backed by Henry C. Clay
 Approve Tariff of 1816
 Second Bank of United
States
 Improvement of national
roads
 National Road in 1811,
MD to IL
 1817-1825 Erie Canal built
 Connected Atlantic to
Great Lakes
Section 2
 1807: Robert Fulton
 What’s difference from
older ships?
 Carried freight &
passengers
 Used all waterways
 1808: Fulton receives
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charter
Exclusive right to all NY
waterways
Profit leads to monopoly
Monopoly: exclusive legal
control of a commercial
activity
Charge operators for
licenses
Different licenses for
various parts of rivers
 2 steamboat operators

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compete over territory
Aaron Ogden & Thomas
Gibbons
Hudson into NJ
Ogden sues Gibbons
SC rules interstate commerce
regulated only by federal gov’t
Strengthen gov’t control over
economy
1819: McCulloch v. Maryland
 Declared tax on bank
unconstitutional
 John Quincy Adams est.
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foreign policy on
nationalism
National interests over
regional
Security & expansion
Treaties with Britain
1819: Adams-Onis Treaty:
Spain cedes FL
 Russia & European

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countries expanding
Need to respond
Americans want Mexico
& Cuba
1823: Monroe warns
European powers to stay
out of Western
Hemisphere
U.S. would stay out of
European affairs
 Missouri wants in
 Until 1818: 10 free, 10

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slave
IL enters as free state
Missouri slave state?
Bill passed: Missouri
frees slaves
South accuses North of
ending slavery
Civil war?
1820: Maine enters free,
Missouri slave
Section 3
 John Q. Adams inadequate
 Ties Jackson election 1824
 Popular
 Electoral
 Henry Clay swings election
 Doesn’t like Jackson
 Jacksonians split from
Republican party
 To form what party?
 Democratic Republican
 States expand suffrage
 Less requirements to vote
 Election of 1824
 350,000 voters
 Election of 1828
 About 1.2 million
 Appeals to common

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


people
Wins election of 1828 by
landslide
“Old Hickory” finally in
office
Federal positions held 4
years
Implements spoils system
Giving federal jobs to
friends
 Mixed feelings among
whites
 Five Civilized Tribes
 Occupy valuable lands
 GA, NC, SC, etc
 Jackson forces Natives
west
 Congress passes Indian
Removal Act
 Claim would maintain way
of life
 US troops move more NA
 Cherokee sue Jackson
 Marshall sides with

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
Cherokee
Jackson doesn’t listen
Land given to federal gov’t
800 mile trip west
More than 25% die
Section 4
 Tariff of 1828, Tariff of
Abominations
 Less trade w/Britain
 Southerners hurt financially
 North benefitting?
 Attacked by John C. Calhoun
 Makes it states’ rights issue
 “South Carolina Exposition”
 South forced to buy

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Northern goods
Farmers leaving SC
Calhoun challenges
Constitution
Argues states have right
to nullify a law
Or had right to cede from
Union
 Robert Hayne(SC) & Daniel
Webster(MA)
 Hayne for states’ rights
 Tariffs will condemn South
 Federal gov’t limitless power
 Webster for federal
government
 No middle course
 Resistance lead to rebellion
 What was Jackson’s view?
 “Our Union: it must be
preserved.”
 1832: SC opposed Tariff of
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1832
Tariffs of 1828 & 1832
nullified by SC
Threaten to secede
Jackson furious, threat of
his own
Troops to SC
Henry Clay makes
compromise
 Tariff of 1833 – duties
gradually lowered
 Nat. Bank in Phila.
 1832: Jackson vetoes
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
renewal of BUS
Charter expires in 1836
Clay & Webster use
charter as campaign ploy
Think Jackson will lose
support w/ veto
Underestimate public
dislike of bank
 “Banks don’t care about common people”
 Corrupt in politics
 Richer become richer
 Federal tax revenues in BUS, NOT state/private banks
 Stockholders earn interest
 Lower rates for congressmen
 Pet Banks destroy BUS
 BUS charter doesn’t pass
 Clay/Webster form Whig Party
 Jackson’s bank war
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inherited by Martin Van
Buren
Leads to Panic of 1837
Election of 1840
Harrison dies after month
John Tyler inherits
presidency