Chapter 9 Medical Terminology
and
Chapter 20 Body Structures:
THE URINARY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Balances water, salts, and acids by removing
excess fluids or reabsorbing water as needed
• Filters the blood to remove urea (major
waste product of protein metabolism) and
other waste materials
• Converts waste products and excess fluids
into urine in the kidneys and excretes them
from the body thru the urinary bladder
**all functions required to maintain homeostasis in body
STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• The Kidneys
– The Renal Pelvis
– The Nephrons
• The Ureters
www.sua.org.sg/ articles_1a.htm
– 10 – 12 inches long, carry urine from each kidney to
the urinary bladder
• The Urinary Bladder
– Hollow muscular organ, reservoir for urine
• The Urethra
– Extends from the bladder to the outside of the body
THE KIDNEYS – renal: pertaining to
• Constantly filtering
blood to remove waste
and excess water
• Location:
retroperitoneum,
bilaterally below the
diaphragm
• Renal cortex: outer layer
of kidney, contains
nephrons
• Medulla: inner layer,
contains urine-collecting
tubules
the kidney
www.cornwallis.kent.sch.uk/.../ 1organs1.htm
THE NEPHRON (NEF-ron) is a functional unit of the kidney.
• These units form urine by the processes of
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Each
nephron contains a glomerulus:
– Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries surrounded by
a membrane called the Bowman’s Capsule
• Blood flows into kidney via the renal artery,
waste is filtered in the capillaries of the
glomerulus (urine), then leaves the kidney
through the renal vein
• Waste products are transported to the renal
pelvis before entering the ureters.
•
•
•
•
•
•
RENAL ARTERY (1)
RENAL VEIN (2)
RENAL PELVIS (3)
MEDULLA (4)
RENAL CORTEX (5)
URETER (6)
• ??????????????????????????
WHAT IS THE NAME OF
THE PIGMENT THAT
GIVES URINE IT’S
STRAW COLOR??
• UROCHROME
www.revisioncentral.co.uk/.../ human_kidneys.html
• (2) Urinary sphincters:
control the flow of urine
from the bladder into the
urethra (proximally) and
out of the urethra (distally)
through the urethral
meatus
• Urinary meatus: external
opening of the urethra
• The neck of the male
urethra is surrounded by
the prostate gland
THE URETHRA
www.4woman.gov/faq/ urinary.htm
THE EXCRETION OF URINE
• Micturition (voiding)
– Requires coordinated
contraction of the
bladder muscles and
relaxation of the
sphincters, forcing the
urine through the
urethra and out
through the urinary
meatus
www.upmccancercenters.com/.../ prostategland.html
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the
kidneys
• NEPHROLOGIST
• Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the
urinary system of females and the genitourinary
system of males
• UROLOGIST
PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Renal Failure
– Anuria: complete suppression of urine formation
– Uremia: toxic condition caused by excessive amount of
waste products in bloodstream
– Acute Renal Failure: sudden onset due to injury or surgery
– Chronic Renal Failure: progressive disease, may require
dialysis or transplantation
– End-Stage Renal Disease: ESRD late stages of renal failure
• Nephrotic Syndrome: general group of kidney diseases
• Kidneys
– Glomerulonephritis
– Hydronephrosis: dilation of
renal pelvis as a result of
obstruction
– Nephritis: inflammation of
the kidney
– Pyelitis: inflammation of the
renal pelvis
– Pyelonephritis: inflammation
of the renal pelvis and of the
kidney
• Stones (calculus)
– Abnormal mineral deposit
– Calculi vary in size
– Named for the organ or tissue
where they are located
• Nephrolithiasis:
characterized by the
presence of stones in the
kidney
• Ureters
– Hydroureter: distention of the ureter with
urine due to obstruction
– Ureterectasis: distention of the ureter
– Ureterorrhagia: discharge of blood from the
ureter
– Ureterostenosis: stricture of the ureter
• Urinary Bladder
– Cystalgia: pain in the bladder
– Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder
– Interstitial Cystitis: inflammation of the wall of the
bladder
– Cystocele: hernia of the bladder through the vaginal
wall
– Cystorrhagia: bleeding from the gladder
– UTI: infections occur more frequently in women
– Vesicovaginal Fissure: abnormal opening between the
bladder and the vagina
• Urethra
– Reflux: blockage of
the urethra causing
urine to back up
into the ureters
– Urethralgia
– Urethrostenosis:
stricture or stenosis
of the urethra
www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/cerf/ iconocerf/P/Doss...
• Urination
– Diuresis: increased excretion of urine
– Dysuria: difficult or painful urination –
frequently associated with UTI’s
– Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine
(nocturnal enuresis)
– Nocturia: excessive urination during the
night
– Oliguria: scanty urination
– Urinary Retention: inability to void or
empty the bladder
• Incontinence: the
inability to control
excretory functions
– Urinary
Incontinence
– Urinary Stress
Incontinence
– Urge Incontinence:
urination occurs
involuntarily as soon
as an urgent desire
to urinate is felt
www.upmc.edu/minsurg/ UrinaryStress.htm
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Catheterization: insertion of a sterile
catheter through the urethra, into the
bladder
– Performed to withdraw urine
– To relieve urinary retention pressures
– To prevent incontinence during surgical
procedures
– May also be used to place fluids, such as
contrast (VCUG) in bladder
www.amershamhealth.com/medcyclopaedia/ Volume%...
• Cystoscopy: cysto – visual exam of the
urinary bladder using a cystoscope
• IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and
ureters
– Iodine is injected into a vein to define
structures
www.hospital.saga-med.ac.jp/.../ gyoumu.htm
TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Medications
• Dialysis
• Kidneys
– Transplantation
– Nephrolysis: freeing of a kidney from adhesions
– Nephrostomy: opening between the pelvis of
the kidney through its cortex to the outside
• Removal of Kidney Stones
– Lithrotripsy: destruction of a stone with the use
of ultrasonic waves traveling through water
– Nephrolithotomy: surgical removal of kidney
stone
TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
– Cystectomy: surgical removal of all or part of
bladder
– Cystopexy: surgical fixation of bladder to the
abdominal wall
– Lithotomy: surgical incision for the removal of a
stone, usually from the bladder
– Suprapubic catheter: indwelling catheter placed
into the bladder through a small incision
through the abdominal wall just above the pubic
bone
Urinary
cath
dialysis
nephrectomy
Renal stones
KUB
cystoscopy