Engage: Viruses ( chapter 19, section 2) – from 412-13
Vocabulary to know ( will check
http://www.youtube.co
in journal)- from 19-2 ONLY
m/watch?v=4sYSyuuL
1.Virus
k5g
2.Capsid
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=Rpj0emEG
ShQ
3.Bacteriophage
4.Lytic infection
5.Lysogenic infection
6.Influenza virus
7.TMV ( tobacco mosaic virus)
8.Retrovirus
Bacteria and Viruses
4-15-13 Monday
Biology: demonstrate an
understanding of viruses
1. Notes ( Viruses) –
power-point , journals
and Graphic Organizer
( virus side only today !)
Chapter 19, Sec 2
2. Closure: Reminders
Reminders:
Project Due on 4-17-13
Extra Credit #4 due on or before 4-1813 ( no extensions)
Vocabulary quiz tomorrow
Bacteria, Protist, and Virus test this
Thursday, 4-18-13
YOU determine if you keep a zero
OR a failed test grade…..take care of
it!
Interest Grabber
What Viruses Mean to You
• If you have ever had a cold, you are probably
familiar with the word virus. It is a word that
makes most people frown.
1. What do you think of when you hear the word virus? Make a list of all the
words you can think of that relate to viruses.
2. What are two things that you would like to find out about viruses?
( answers only in your journal)
Viruses ( copy down and answer after lecture)
•
•
•
•
Is acquired immune deficiency syndrome a virus?
How do viruses enter the body?
How do viruses enter the cells?
What could prevent our cells from getting a virus?
Viruses
What is a Virus?
(page 483)
• Viruses-are particles of nucleic acid , protein, and
sometimes lipids
• They can only live by infecting living cells
• Viruses are composed of DNA or RNA and a capsid- a
virus protein coat.
Figure 19-9 Virus Structures
Section 19-2
3 Virus Types
Tobacco Mosaic
Virus
T4 Bacteriophage
Head
DNA
Influenza
Virus
RNA
Capsid
proteins
Capsid
RNA
Tail
sheath
Tail
fiber
Surface
proteins
Membrane
envelope
Viral Infections
• Virus must bind specifically to a compatible
protein coat.
-Animal viruses only infect animals
prions-short for protein infected has no DNA or
RNA (damages cell tissue)
-Plant viruses only infect plants
viroids-single stranded RNA w/o a capsid (stunts
plant growth)
-Some viruses can infect bacteria. When this happen
it is called a bacteriaphage.
http://cbs5.com/video/?id=20238@kpix.dayport.com
Types of Viral Infections
• Lytic Infection (virulent)a virus enters a cell, makes
copies of itself, and causes
the cell to burst.
• Lysogenic Infection
(temperate)- a virus
integrates its DNA of the
host cell and the viral
genetic information
replicates along with the
host cell.
Lytic: In the lytic stage, many viral particles are made and copies are sent back into the
environment.
A virus is found in this phase when conditions are favorable.
The virus attaches to bacteria (host)
The virus inserts its DNA into the
bacteria
The virus takes over the cell's
machinery
The virus reproduces itself and selfassembles.
The host cell is destroyed
Lysogenic In the lysogenic phase there is no pathology.
Under certain conditions the lysogenic lifestyle can switch to a lytic lifestyle
The virus binds to bacteria (host)
The virus inserts its DNA into the
bacteria
The viral DNA gets incorporated
into the cell's chromosome.
Viral DNA is replicated along
with chromosomal material
Diseases caused by Viruses
• How viruses affect humans
-viruses attack and destroy cells in the body.
-some viruses can infect cells to change their
patterns of growth and development.
Diseases caused by viruses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common cold
Influenza
Smallpox
Warts
AIDS
Chickenpox
Measles
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
West Nile
Polio
Preventing Viruses
• Viruses are not killed by antibiotics
• The best way to be protected against viruses
is prevention
-Vaccines
Virus Review
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLosl
N6d3Ec
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYf_S
l8W3qY
Under the Microscope
Section 19-1
• Microorganisms are living things that can only be
seen through a microscope. Imagine that you have
just discovered a new microorganism. The first
thing that you want to do is to tell the scientific
community all about your new discovery.
1.
Describe your microorganism in detail.
2.
Describe its habitat.
3.
Classify your organism by giving it a species and
genus name you created.
4-16-13 Tuesday
Demonstrate an understanding that
Bacteria can be both harmful and
beneficial; that it can become antibiotic resistance, and understand its
strucutre, function, and characteristics
1. Chapter 19, Section 2 Vocabulary
quiz ( 10min)
2. Notes: Bacteria ( 8-10min)Complete Graphic Organizers at
home by this Thursday! The web
quest behind the virus sheet will
AIDE you, however it is extra
credit that will one lowest daily
grade.
3. Lab: Virus and Helpful Bacteria
micro-viewers) – 32-34min
4. Clean up Area ( 3 min)
Reminders:
Check the assignment
due date board daily!!
Projects due
TOMORROW!
TEST: Thursday (
bacteria, protist, and
viruses)
Extra Credit #4 due
Thursday 4-18-13
Bacteria
Bacteria can survive in extreme conditions. Like this volcanic hot springs.
Bacteria
•
Prokaryotes-are commonly called bacteria
because they are single celled organisms that
lack a nucleus.
-Prokaryotes are broken into 2 very different
Kingdoms
1. Eubacteria-commonly found everywhere.
2. Archaebacteria-usually found in unlivable
enviroments (hot springs and oxygen free
enviroments).
3 Ways to Identify Prokaryotes
1.Shape(3 types)
Bacilli(rod shaped)
Cocci(spherical)
Spirilla(spiraled corkscrewed)
2. Cell wall
• Material used to make a gram stain
-Crystal Violet solution
-Lugols soulution(iodine)
-Alcohol
-Safrain solutions
Gram positive(purple)
Gram negative(pink)
3. Movement
-Flagella
-Lash
-Snake
-Spiral forward
-Slide on a layer of mucus
http://www.strimoo.com/video/14679578/Bacterial-Motility-Vimeo.html
How Prokaryotes Obtain Energy
and Relaese Energy
• Hetertrophs- take in organic molecule for both
energy and a supply of carbon.
• Autotrophs-take in sunlight as well as organic
compounds for energy.
• Obligate Aerobes- require a constant supply of
oxygen to live
• Obligate Anaerobes- they must live in the absence
of oxygen to survive.
• Facultative Anaerobes- can live with or without
oxygen.
Prokaryotic Growth and
Development
• Binary fission-a bacteria
replicated it DNA and divides
in half.
• Conjucation-bacteria exchange
genetic information by forming
a bridge b/t 2 bacteria cells
• Spore formation- is when
bacteria form a thick internal
wall protecting it from unfavorable
living conditions
Anthrax forms spores
Importance of Bacteria
• Decomposers-breaks down
the nutrients in dead matter
• Nitrogen Fixers-Converts
nitrogen gas to ammonia
for plant usage.
• Helpful to Humans-breaks down food in the
intestines
Dieseases caused by Bacteria
• How do bacteria affect humans?
1. Some bacteria damage the cells and
tissues of the infected organism directly
by breaking down the cells food
2. Other bacteria release toxins that travel
throughout the body interferring with the
normal actvity of the host
Common Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Diseases caused by bacteria
(page 486)
Section 19-3
Disease
Pathogen
Prevention
Tooth decay
Streptococcus mutans
Regular dental hygiene
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Protection from tick bites
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Current tetanus vaccination
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vaccination
Salmonella food poisoning
Salmonella enteritidis
Proper food-handling practices
Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Maintaining good health
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Clean water supplies
Controlling Bacteria
•
•
•
•
Disenfectants
Antibiotics
Sterializing by heat
Consuming unspoiled foods
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cf
m?guidAssetId=99DC6745-B55E-49079F25F7174E90AC2A&blnFromSearch=1&
productcode=US
4-17-13 Wednesday!!!
Demonstrate an understanding of
the Kingdom Protista; continue to
understand the differences between
a bacteria and a virus.
1. Notes: Protista ( 15-20 min)
2. Finish Virus and Bacteria Lab
( 30-35 min) – self directed
learning, but DO ask for help
when needed!
3. Submit Lab/ Clean up Station
( 5 min)
Reminders:
Test tomorrow! ( ONLY
bacteria and virus notes!)
Check 4-18-13 due! (
journal, bacteria and
virus graphic organizers)
EXTRA CREDIT DUE
TOMORROW!
The kingdom of Protista
The first protist was discovered over
1.5 billion year ago now including
over 200,000 species.
How protist are classifyied
• Animallike protist (protozoans)
• Plantlike protist (unicelluar algae)
• Funguslike protist
Animallike Protist: Protozoans
• Zooflagellates
-swim using one or two flagella
- can absorb nutrients through their cell
membrane from decaying organic material
- Many live in lakes and streams
- Most reproduce asexually by mitosis other
animal-like protist can reproduce sexually
by meiosis.
Animallike Protist: Protozoans
Sarcodines(Sarcodina)
-moves and feed using cytoplasmic
-projections known as pseudopods
or false feet.
Example of Sarcodines
1. Ameobas-can surrond then digest their meals
storing the food in a food vacuole- a small cavity
in the cytoplasm that temporaily store food.
Animallike Protist: Protozoans
•
-
Ciliates(Ciliophora)
uses cilia for feeding and movement
cilia are short hairlike projection used
for movement similar to flagella
Found in fresh and salt water
Can reproduce by conjucation-exchanging
genetic information by attaching to another
paramecium
1. Example of a Ciliphora is a Paramecium
-Trichocysts used for defense
-Macronuclues carries all genetic
information needed for day to day
existence
-Micronucleus is a reserve copy
of all the cells genes.
Animallike Protist: Protozoans
• Sporozaons(Sporozoa)
- Are parasitic and can not move on their own(infecting
birds, worms, fish and humans)
- Reproduce by sporozoites attaching itself to a host cell ,
penetrates it, and then lives with in the cell as a parasite.
- Can cause Malaria(mosiquitos) and African sleeping
disease(tsetse fly).
The life cycle of Malaria
Plantlike Protist: Unicellular
Algae
• How does algae at the bottom of the ocean
get sunlight to carry out photosynthesis?
- using accessory pigments
absorb light at different
wavelenghts than
chlorophyll giving algae
many different colors.
4 types of Plantlike Protist: Unicellular
Algae
1. Euglenophytes(Euglenophyta)
-
are plant like protist with two
flagella and no cell wall.
Reproduce asexually by binary fission
Can be autotrophs using the eyespot to find
sunlight
Can be heterotrophs absorbing nutrients from
decaying organic material
2. Chrysophytes(Chrysophyta)
-
includes yellow-green algae and brown algae
Stores food in the form of oil
Reproduce asexually and sexually
4 types of Plantlike Protist:
Unicellular Algae
3. Diatoms(Bacillariophta)
-
-
Produce thin delicate cell walls
rich in silicone the main
component of glass
Are shaped like two side of a petri dish
4 types of Plantlike Protist:
Unicellular Algae
4. Dinoflagellates(pyrrophyta)
-
Are luminescent and when
agitated in water well give off light
Can reproduce sexually most
reproduce asexully by binary fission
3 types of Plantlike Protist:
Multicellular Algae
1. Red Algae(Rhodophyta)
-live at great depth because
they can harvest light energy
-Containing Chlorophyll A and
accessory pigments
-Forms corral reefs found in tropic
water and polar regions
2. Brown Algae(Phaeophyta)
-
Contains Chlorophyll A and C as well as a brown
accessory pigment.
Mostly found in cool shallow coastal waters of
temperate or artic areas
The largest known brown algae is giant kelp
3 types of Plantlike Protist:
Multicellular Algae
3. Green Algae(Chlorophyta)
- Has many characteristics of plant
including photosynthetic pigment
and cell walls
- Found in fresh and salt water even on moist
parts of land
- Green algae life cycle include diploid(having 2
set of chromosome) or haploid(having 1 set of
chromosomes) switching back and forth during
their life cycle a process known as alternation
generation.
Funguslike Protist
•
Are heterotrophs that absorb nutirents
from dead or decaying organic matter.
• They lack chitin walls of true fungus like a
mushroom
3 types of Funguslike Protist
1. Cellular slime molds
2. Acellular slime molds
3. Water molds
3 types of Funguslike Protist
1. Cellular slime molds(Acrasiomycota)
-
Produces spores when eviroment is aggrevated using a
fruiting body
Send out a chemical to attract others of the same species
Spends most of life cycle
unicelluar but when the
aggregate they behave
multicellular
3 types of Funguslike Protist
2. Acellular slime molds(Myxomycota)
- Begins their life cycle as amoeba-like
structures
- When they aggregate their cells form
many nuclei known as plasmodia
- Will produce haploid spores by fruiting
3 types of Funguslike Protist
3. Water molds(Oomycota)
- Thrive on dead and decaying orgainic
matter
- They have cell walls made of cellulose
and produce motile spores 2 traits fungi do
not posses.
4-17-13
Chemistry: demonstrate an understanding of
pH; understand that acids and bases differ.
1. Lab Report Format
2. Lab: pH of common substances/chemicals
3. Clean/up Answer Conclusion questions (
turn in lab completed!)
Background Information
•
•
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is very important for living
things. This is because; since the hydrogen ions are positively charged they
alter the charge environment of other molecules in solution. By putting
different forces on the molecules, the molecules change shape from their
normal shape. This is particularly important for proteins in solution because
the shape of a protein is related to its function.
The concentration of hydrogen ions is commonly expressed in terms of the pH
scale. Low pH corresponds to high hydrogen ion concentration and vice versa.
A substance that when added to water increases the concentration of hydrogen
ions (lowers the pH) is called an acid. A substance that reduces the
concentration of hydrogen ions (raises the pH) is called a base. Finally some
substances enable solutions to resist pH changes when an acid or base is
added. Such substances are called buffers. Buffers are very important in
helping organisms maintain a relatively constant pH.
Lab Report Format
Title: pH of common substances
Purpose: To determine the pH ( acidic or
basic) of common household substances; to
also determine the pH of common chemicals
used in a chemistry laboratory.
Materials:
Materials:
Test tubes, graduated cylinders, litmus paper,
soap solution, salt solution, sodium carbonate
solution, mineral oil, ethyl alcohol, lemon
juice, methanol, Drano, acetone, hydrogen
peroxide, and glycerin
Procedure:
On your table predict the pH of each sample
BEFORE you begin testing samples.
Test each sample ( no more than 5 mL of
each solution. Rinse in between transferring
solutions) with both red and blue litmus paper
and record the results in your table.
Substance Tested
Predicted Color
Of Paper
pH
pH
number
Acid, Base, or
Neutral?
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. According to the data, and what you know about the
reaction of acids and bases with litmus paper, what is the pH
range for an acid?
2.Calculate your accuracy of your predictions. (Hint: Divide
the number of times you were correct by 12 and multiply by
100.)
3.Analyze the substances that tested basic. What connection
do you see with regard to their use in the household
4. Of the samples that you could safely taste, what pH range
seems to “taste” good?
4-18-13 Thursday!!!
Demonstrate an understanding of
the differences between a bacteria
and a virus ( Test); understand the
characteristics of Plants ( structures
and their funtions)
1. Test : Virus and Bacteria
2. Engage: Plants ( Life Video)
List FIVE facts about plants that
you did not know!
( select students will perform
environmental sampling of
bacteria. We will grow/cultavate,
and then identify them in class.)
Reminders:
Due: Bell Ringers 47-51
( staple together)
Bacteria/Virus Graphic
Organizer
Extra Credit #4 Due
today
4-19-13
Students should demonstrate
an understanding that plants
have specialized tissues and
cells and to understand their
structure, importance and
function.
1. Bell Ringer 52 ( grab your
jornals)
2. Notes: Plants
3. Independent Work: Plant
Cell and Tissue Types
4. Closure: Reminders
Reminders:
Plants Assessment ,
4/24/13 ( Wednesday)
Bell Ringer 52- Copy the question then
answer in complete sentences.
1. What is a plant? ( use
what characteristics
you know to define
it)
2. Can plants have
animal-like
characteristics?
Leaves
• 23.1.1 Describe the organs and tissues of
vascular plants.
• 23.1.2 Identify the specialized cells of
vascular tissue.
• 23.1.3 contrast meristematic tissue with
other plant tissues.
3 principal organs and tissues
seed plants
of
• Roots
–
–
–
–
Absorbs water and dissolved nutrients.
Anchor plants in the ground
Protect plants from harmful soil bacteria and fungi
Transport water and nutrients to the rest of the plant
• Stems
– Has a: support system- for the plant body, transport systemcarries nutrients, and a defense system-protects the plant
against predators and disease.
• Leaves
– Main photosynthetic systems
– Help conserve water while letting oxygen and carbon
dioxide enter and exit the leaf.
Figure 23–1 Page 580
Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues
What are the
3 principal
plant organs?
Leaves,
stems, and
roots
Leaf
Stem
Which tissue
is found in
the center of
a plant stem?
Ground
tissue
Root
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Three main tissue system
Concept Map
Section 23-1
Plant Tissues
include
Dermal
tissue
Meristematic
tissue
includes
Epidermal
cells
Ground
tissue
includes
Xylem
includes
Tracheids
Vascular
tissue
Vessel
elements
includes
Phloem
Parenchyma
cells
includes
Sieve tube
elements
Companion
cells
Collenchyma
cells
Schlerenchyma
cells
Roots
Roots
• 2 main types
– Taproots
• Primary root that grows thicker and longer than others
• Example: carrots, dandelions, beets, and radishes
– Fibrous
• Branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger
than the rest
• Example: grasses
– How do roots help prevent erosion?
• Extensive, branching fibrous roots hold soil in place.
Figure 23–7 The Structure of a
Root
Section 23-2
Epidermis
Endodermis
Root hairs
Ground tissue
(cortex)
Phloem
Xylem
Vascular
Cylinder
Ground tissue (cortex)
Epidermis
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Zone of
maturation
Zone of
elongation
Apical meristem
Cross Section of Plant Root
(magnification: 40x)
Root cap
Stem
Stems
• 3 functions
– Produce leaves, branches, and flowers
– Hold leaves up to the sunlight
– They transport substances between roots and
leaves
Leaves
23-4
Objective
23.4.1 Describe how the structure of a leaf
enables it to carry out photosynthesis.
23.4.2 Describe how gas exchange takes place
in a leaf.
Read Pages 595-598
Leaves
• What is the main function of a plant’s leaf?
The leaves of a plant are its main organs of
photosynthesis.
• How does the structure of a leaf enable it to
carry out photosynthesis?
The structure of a leaf is optimized for
absorbing light and carrying out
photosynthesis.
• How does gas exchange take place in a leaf?
Plants leaves allow gas exchange by opening
their stomata.
Leaf Functions
• Photosynthesis
• Transpiration
– the loss of water through its leaves
• Gas Exchange
– Plants keep their stomata open just enough to
allow photosynthesis to take place but not so
much that they lose an excessive amount of
water.
• Stomata - Porelike openings in the underside
of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and
oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf.
– Each stomata has 2 guard cells.
• Guard Cells - epidermal cells found on the
underside of leaves that control the opening
and closing of the stomata by responding to
changes in water pressure. Also, responds to
conditions in the environment, such as wind
and temperature.
Stomata
• When the guard cells are swollen with water, the
stomata is opened.
• When the guard cells lose water, the stomata
closes.
• Are open during the daytime, when photosynthesis is
active.
• Are closed at night to prevent water loss.
• May be closed during bright sunlight under hot, dry
conditions in which the plant needs to conserve water
to survive.
Function of Guard Cells
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell
wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed
Function of Guard Cells
Section 23-4
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell
wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
What factor regulates the
opening and closing of
stomata?
Stoma Closed
Changes in water
pressure within
guard cells
Now…turn to page 578
Chapter 23 is about
Roots, Stems and
Leaves.
Reminders:
Test over plants next
Wednesday, 4/24/13.