Chapter 4
• I. Freehold Society in New England
A.
Farm Families, Women’s Place
– Women Subordinate
– Labor crucial
– Small farms =
– Employment

Chapter 4
• I. Freehold Society in New England
• B. Farm Property – Inheritance
– Whole communities of independent property owners

Chapter 4
– II. Middle Atlantic
• A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality
– “groundleases”
– Wealthy Agriculturalists emerge

II. The Middle Atlantic
A. Economic Growth and Social
Inequality
• Climate/Environment
• Land leases granted to tenants – social ladder difficult o climb
• Society increasingly stratified with influx of poor and growth of wheat trade

II. The Middle Atlantic
B. Cultural Diversity
• Patchwork of ethnically and religiously diverse
• Germans
• Irish

II. The Middle Atlantic
C. Religious Identity and Political
Conflict
• Germans/Scotch Irish conflict with Quakers
– Indian Policy
– Separation of Church and State
– Political Power

III. Enlightenment and Great
Awakening
A. Enlightenment in America
• Many believed Divine Intervention and
God’s Will
• Enlightenment thinkers disagree
• Deism

III. Enlightenment and Great
Awakening
B. Pietism and the Great Awakening
• Pietism – From Germany 1720’s
• Lower Classes
• Emphasized pious behavior, emotion and a mystical union with God
• George Whitfield transforms meeting into
“Great Awakening”
• “New Light”

III. Enlightenment and Great
Awakening
C. Religious upheaval in the North
• “New Light” vs. “Old Light”
• Women
• Undermined traditional churches
• Stressed individual sense of religious authority
• Founding of
• Princeton, Rutgers, Columbia, Brown
• Intellectual Legacy

III. Enlightenment and Great
Awakening
D.

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
A. French and Indian Conflict
• Ohio Co. obtain
Royal Grant in Ohio
River valley
• Native Resistance
• French Set up forts
• Washington
• British dispatch forces

1754  Albany Plan of
Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from
New England, NY, MD, PA

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
A. French and Indian Conflict
• 1755 – Fort
Beausejour (Nova
Scotia)
• Fort Duquesne

British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials British
Methods of
Fighting:
• Indian-style guerilla tactics.
Military
Organization:
•
Col. militias served under own captains.
•
March in formation or bayonet charge.
•
Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
Finances:
Demeanor:
•
No mil. deference or protocols observed.
•
Resistance to rising taxes.
•
Casual, non-professionals.
•
Drills & tough discipline.
•
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
•
Prima Donna Br. officers with servants
& tea settings.

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
B . Great War for Empire
• 1756 – 7 Years War
• William Pitt – cripple
France by attacking
Colonies
• Fall of Quebec
• Treaty of Paris, 1763

Effects of the War on Britain?
1.
It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2.
It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3.
Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!

Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
1.
It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2.
It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.
3.
It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

North America in 1763

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
B . Great War for Empire
Pontiac’s Rebellion,
1763
Proclamation of 1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

North America in 1763

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
C. British Economic Growth and Consumer Revolution
• British Industrial Revolution
• 1st “consumer” revolution
• Many bought with credit, after war many fell into debt

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
D. Land Conflicts
• Growth of Colonial population = conflict over land
• Powerful won these conflicts = begin to look more like Europe
• Pressure to move west – (safety valve?)

IV.
The Midcentury Challenge
E. Western Uprisings
• Creates new disputes over Indian Policy, representation and Debt
• Paxton Boys, Regulators
• Response of British?

Because of fertile land and a long growing season, plantations in the thirteen colonies developed in
(1) New England
(2) the Middle Atlantic region
(3) the South
(4) the upper Mississippi River valley

What would be the best title for this map?
(1) British Domination of the Americas
(2) Colonial Trade Routes
(3) Spanish Colonies in the New World
(4) The United States in
1750

• Jamestown, founded in 1607
• Plymouth colony, founded in 1620
• New Amsterdam, founded in 1625
These early colonial settlements were similar in that each was located
(1) at the base of a mountain range
(2) near the coastline
(3) in an arid climate
(4) on offshore islands

The French and Indian War
(Seven Years War)
• England and Colonies fight French and Natives over the Ohio River
Valley (valuable fur trade)
• Final war in a series of war between French and English
• Starts out bad for English/Colonies
– France 1 govt., Colonies 13

Albany Plan of Union
• Benjamin Franklin foresaw this dilemma before F&I war.
Proposed a single institution to govern all of the British colonies in
America.
• He failed, but he planted seed of future union.
• Inspiration from Iroquois
Confederacy?

Treaty of Paris, 1763
• England defeats France and
France loses all land on mainland North America – keep a few islands
• War cost English treasury vast amounts of money

North America in 1763

2 views of war
• English
“We fought this war for the colonies, they must help us pay for it”
• Colonial
“This is great, now we can start settling the Ohio River
Valley”

• When colonists began crossing Appalachian
Mountains for furs, they fell under attack by native tribes.

Proclamation Line of 1763
• England declares colonists cannot cross over
Appalachians – for their own good.
• Colonists are angry!

• In response to the public outcry in England, the English government also begins enforcing the tax laws and trade restrictions on Colonies.