Table of Contents
Chapter: Exploring and
Classifying Life
Section 1: What is science?
Section 2: Living Things
Section 3: Where does life come from?
Section 4: How are living things
classified?
What is science?
1
The Work of Science
• Science - An organized way
of studying things and
finding answers to questions.
What is science?
1
Types of Science
• Physics – Relationship between energy and
matter
• Biology – Study of Living things
• Botanists – Plants
• Zoologists - Animals
What is science?
1
Critical Thinking
•Identify and solve problems
What is science?
1
Solving Problems
• Scientific Method - series of
procedures to solve problems
What is science?
1
Solving
Problems
What is science?
1
Controls
• Control - Standard to which the outcome of a
test is compared.
• Variable - Thing in an experiment that can
change.
What is science?
1
Report Results
• Share information
What is science?
1
Developing Theories
• Theory – explanation based on
scientific knowledge
•Result of many
observations and
experiments.
What is science?
1
Laws
• Law - Statement about how
things work in nature that
seems to be true all the time.
• Less likely to change than
theories.
What is science?
1
Measuring with Scientific Units
What is science?
1
Measuring with Scientific Units
• Called the International
System of Units, or SI.
What is science?
1
Safety First
• Laboratory safety –
Requirement of the Class
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Section Check
1
Question 1
This diagram shows a way
to use scientific methods to
solve a problem. According
to the diagram, if a
hypothesis is not supported
by data then you should
_______.
Section Check
1
A. change the data so that
they do support the
hypothesis
B. find a different problem to
solve
C. propose a scientific theory
D. revise the hypothesis and
perform new experiments
Section Check
1
Answer
The correct answer is D. Scientific methods are
an organized way to solve a problem in
science. This series of procedures involves
forming a hypothesis that can be tested.
Section Check
1
Question 2
What is the definition of a control in a
scientific experiment?
Answer
A control is the standard to which the outcome
of a test will be compared. Controls help you
determine how to interpret your data.
Section Check
1
Question 3
A statement about how things work in nature
that seems to be true all the time is a _______.
A. conclusion
B. hypothesis
C. law
D. variable
Section Check
1
Answer
The correct answer is C. Although laws can be
modified as more information becomes known,
they are less likely to change than theories.
Living Things
2
What are living things like?
• Organism - living thing.
• Have similar traits.
Living Things
2
Living Things Are Organized
• Cell - Smallest unit of an
organism that carries on the
functions of life.
Living Things
2
Living Things Respond
• Interact with surroundings.
• Stimulus – Causes change
• Response – Reaction to stimulus
Living Things
2
Living Things Respond
• Homeostasis - Ability to
maintain internal stability
Living Things
2
Living Things Use Energy
•All energy comes from the Sun
Living Things
2
Living Things Use Energy
Living Things
2
Living Things Grow and Develop
• Growth - Increase in number of
cells or size of cells
• Development – Physiological
Changes
Living Things
2
Living Things Reproduce
• Organisms
create offspring
to maintain a
population
Living Things
2
A Place to Live
• Surroundings provide for all an
organism’s needs.
Living Things
2
Raw Materials
• You are made of 60 to 70 percent water.
Living Things
2
Raw Materials
• Organisms – Made mostly of proteins, fats,
and sugars.
• Materials – Recycled when organisms die
Section Check
2
Question 1
What is the smallest unit in a cat that carries on
the functions of life?
Answer
The cell is the smallest unit. All organisms are
composed of cells. Cells take in materials from
their surroundings and use them in complex
ways.
Section Check
2
Question 2
Pulling your hand back when you accidentally
touch a hot pan on the stove is an example of
what characteristic of living things?
A. growth and development
B. organization
C. reproduction
D. response to stimuli
Section Check
2
Answer
The correct answer is D. The hot pan is an
example of a stimulus. Living things can
respond to both external and internal stimuli.
Section Check
2
Question 3
Give an example of two raw materials that you
need to survive.
Answer
Some possible answers include: water, food,
and oxygen. Some bacteria and plants can
make food from raw materials in their
surroundings.
Where does life come from?
3
Life Comes from Life
• Spontaneous generation –
Original theory that organisms
came from nonliving sources
• Biogenesis - Living things come
only from other living things
Section Check
3
Question 1
This diagram shows
an experiment Louis
Pasteur conducted
with boiled broth
and S-necked flasks.
Why did microbes
only grow in the
bottom flask?
Section Check
3
Answer
Microbes from the air settled out at the bottom
of the S-neck and only entered the broth when it
was tilted so that the broth touched this area.
This experiment by Pasteur helped disprove the
theory of spontaneous generation.
Section Check
3
Question 2
Which one of the following examples supports
the theory of biogenesis?
A. kittens are produced from cats
B. milk is produced by cows
C. rain is produced by rain clouds
D. stimuli produce responses
Section Check
3
Answer
The correct answer is A. The theory of
biogenesis states that living things come only
from other living things.
Section Check
3
Question 3
What did Alexander Oparin suggest about
Earth’s early atmosphere?
Section Check
3
Answer
He suggested that it contained no oxygen but
was made up of the gases ammonia, hydrogen,
methane, and water vapor. He hypothesized
that these gases could have combined to
produce compounds found in living things.
How are living things classified?
4
Classification
• Classification Organizing things
into groups.
How are living things classified?
4
History of Classification
• Aristotle – Organized organisms into
plants and Animals
• Animals - hair or no hair, four legs or few
legs, and blood or no blood.
How are living things classified?
4
Linnaeus
• Carolus Linnaeus – Grouped organisms
based on similarities
How are living things classified?
4
Modern Classification
• Scientists study
• Fossils
• Hereditary information
• Early stages of development.
• Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of an
organism (How it has changed over time)
How are living things classified?
4
Six Kingdoms
• A kingdom is the first and largest category.
How are living things classified?
4
Six Kingdoms
• Species- Organisms that can
mate and produce fertile
offspring.
How are living things classified?
4
Binomial Nomenclature
• Binomial nomenclature
• Two-word naming system
• Developed by Linnaeus
How are living things classified?
4
Binomial Nomenclature
• Genus - group of similar species.
• Species – a group of organisms that produce
fertile offspring
How are living things classified?
4
Tools for Identifying Organisms
• Dichotomous keys – Give 2
choices that lead to classification
Section Check
4
Question 1
Over 2,000 years ago, Aristotle developed a
system to classify all organisms _______.
A. as either plant or animal.
B. based on fossils.
C. into six different kingdoms.
D. using binomial nomenclature.
Section Check
4
Answer
The correct answer is A. Aristotle broke these
two groups into smaller groups. Two of his
smaller groups of animals would have been
animals with hair and those with no hair.
Section Check
4
Question 2
What word is used to describe the evolutionary
history of an organism?
Answer
The word is phylogeny. Phylogeny explains
how an organism has changed over time and is
the basis for the modern classification of many
organisms.
Section Check
4
Question 3
Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red
maple tree. This name is an example of
_______.
A. a dichotomous key
B. a hypothesis
C. binomial nomenclature
D. spontaneous generation
Section Check
4
Answer
The correct answer is C. Binomial
nomenclature is the system used by modern
scientists to name organisms. The first part of
the scientific name identifies the genus of the
organism.
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