2013
 COLUMBUS-
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
 AMERIGO VESPUCCI
 CORTES / AZTEC - PIZZARO / INCA
 CORANADO / PONCE DE LEON
 FRENCH
 FUR TRADE NEW FRANCE- CARTIER / CHAMPLAIN
 BLACK
LEGEND
 TREATY DE TORDESILLAS
 Jamestown=
1607
 Captain John Smith / John Rolfe / Powhatan
 Pocahontas / “starving time” /
 Tobacco- cash crop
 1619- House of Burgesses
 1619- 1st Africans arrive
 Labor- indentured servants- headright system
 Religion –Anglican
 Government- elected legislatures- county
govts.
 Pilgrims-
1620- Separatists- Plymouth Colony
 Mayflower- Mayflower Compact- framework
for government
 Religious freedom- Squanto- help from
Massasoit- 1st Thanksgiving
 COVENANT COMMUNITY
PURITANS- PART OF GREAT MIGRATION FROM
1630-1640
 JOHN WINTHROP- “WE SHALL BE AS A CITY UPON
A HILL…”
 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM– CHARTER FROM KING
 THEOCRACY- TOWN MEETINGS- CHURCH
MEMBERS
 “VISIBLE SAINTS”- CONVERSION PREDESTINATION- GOD KNOWS
 DISSENTERS- ROGER WILLIAMS/ ANNE
HUTCHINSON
 ANTINOMIANISM

 Roger
Williams starts Rhode Island- complete
religious freedom- treats Native Americans
well.
 Thomas Hooker- Connecticut- first
constitution type of documentFUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT
 MASSACHUSETTS/ NEW HAMPSHIRE /
CONNECTICUT / RHODE ISLAND
 ECONOMY- SHIPBUILDING/ FISHING /
SUBSISTENCE FARMS
 RELIGION- COGREGATIONAL
 GOVT- TOWN MEETINGS- DIRECT DEMOCRACY
 NEW
YORK / NEW JERSEY / PENNSYLVANIA /
DELAWARE
 PENNSYLVANIA-
PROPRIETOR- LAND GRANTWILLIAM PENN- HAVEN FOR QUAKERS
 ADVERTISED IN EUROPE- VERY DIVERSE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM- FAIR TREATMENT OF
NATIVE AMERICANS
 “CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE”
 NEW
YORK- ORIGINALLY SETTLED BY DUTCHNEW NETHERLANDS / NEW AMSTERDAM
 PATROONSHIP- DUTCH LAND GRANTS
 COLONY TAKEN OVER BY BRITISH- SET UP AS
PROPRIETORSHIP FOR DUKE OF YORK.
 VERY DIVERSE-GREAT HARBOR-
 MIDDLE
COLONIES
 LARGER FARMS
 FEW SLAVES
 MERCHANTS AND ARTISANS IN CITIES
 LARGE LANDOWNERS HAVE POWER
 TOWN MEETINGS AND LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLIES
 RELIGION- TOLERATION---DIFFERENT
CHURCHES
 SOUTH-
ANGLO-POWHATAN WARS 1610/1622/
1644
 OPECANCANOUGH
 NEW
ENGLAND- PEQUOT WAR

KING PHILIPS WAR
(METACOM)
 VIRGINIA-
BACON’S REBELLION- LED TO
INCREASE IN SLAVERY
 PENNSYLVANIA-
PAXTON BOYS- HEADED OFF
BY BEN FRANKLIN
 CAROLINAS-
VIOLENT-
 POWER
REGULATOR MOVEMENT-
AND MONEY IN EASTERN COLONIAL
REGIONS

ALL COLONIES BECAME ROYAL COLONIES- WITH
ROYAL GOVERNOR- SALARY PAID BY COLONIES

MARYLAND- ACT OF TOLERATION- RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM FOR ALL CHRISTIANS- 1649

Halfway covenant- open up membership to nonconverted members
NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION- WORK
TOGETHER
 DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND- SIR EDMUND
ANDROS- ENDED BY GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

 JOHN
PETER ZENGER- TRIAL FOR LIBEL
 FOUND INNOCENT BECAUSE WHAT HE SAID
WAS TRUE
 ESTABLISHED FREEDOM OF THE PRESS
 Series
of religious revivals in mid-1700s
 Jonathan Edwards- “Sinner in the hands of an
angry god”
 George Whitefield- on frontier
 First mass social movement
 Challenges church authority- “old lights”
 “new lights” start new churches/ colleges
 Baptists and Methodists gain members

Slaves from Africa to New World- MIDDLE
PASSAGE
400,000 come to British colonies
 90% in South

MERCANTILISM- colonies exist for the benefit of
the Mother Country- gold coming in- not going
out.
 NAVIGATION ACTS-1651- never fully enforced
(SLALUTARY NEGLECT) until after French and
Indian War
 DISPUTED
TERRITORY IN OHIO VALLEY
 WASHINGTON TANGLES WITH FRENCH AT FORT
NECESSITY
 7 YEARS WAR
 STARTS IN AMERICA- BOTH SIDES SEND REAL
TROOPS
 ALBANY CONGRESS- ALBANY,N.Y. TRY TO KEEP
IROQUOIS LOYAL TO BRITISH
 “JOIN OR DIE” – COLONIES DON’T REALLY
ACCEPT PLAN FOR SELF-DEFENSE
 BRITISH
LOSE FOR FIRST TWO YEARS
 BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT AT DUQUESNE
 BRITISH LOOK DOWN ON AMERICAN MILITIA
 WILLIAM PITT BECOMES PRIME MINISTER“ORGANIZER OF VICTORY”- REPAIRS
RELATIONSHIP WITH COLONIAL LEADERS
 PUTS YOUNGER GENERALS IN CHARGE
 CONCENTRATE ATTACKS ON NEW FRANCE
 JAMES
WOLFE V. MARQUIS DE MONTCALM
 DARING CLIMB UP THE CLIFFS LEADS TO
BATTLE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM
 BOTH GENERALS DIE
 FRENCH LOSE QUEBEC AND THEN MONTREAL
 FRENCH LOSE THE WAR- GIVE UP ALL CLAIM
TO NORTH AMERICA
 BRITISH ARE IN TERRIBLE DEBT BECAUSE OF
WAR.
 1763-
INDIANS FACED WITH ONLY THE BRITISH
ATTACK DETROIT AND OTHER PLACES- AFRAID
THE COLONISTS WILL OVER RUN THEIR LAND.
 BRITISH SEND TROOPS TO FIGHT PONTIAC
 PROCLAMATION OF 1763- COLONISTS CAN
NOT GO OVER THE MOUNTAINS
 COLONISTS ARE ANGRY AND DO NOT COMPLY.
 George
Grenville- Prime Minister of Britain
 Sugar Act-----indirect tax-----duty charged at
port
 Quartering Act- soldiers in home
 Stamp Act- 1st direct tax- Stamp Act Congress
 Non-importation- boycott of British goods
 Sons of Liberty—Daughters of Liberty
 Declaratory Act-Parliament can pass any laws
 Charles Townshend- Townshend Acts- indirect
 Writs of Assistance---fought by James Otis
 Patrick
Henry- no taxation without…
 Britain’s answer- “virtual representation”
 Boston Massacre- Crispus Attucks killed- John
Adams defended the soldiers.
 Paul Revere etching- propaganda
 Sam Adams- Massachusetts Circular Letter
leads to Committees of Correspondence
 Gaspee Affair- British ship burned
 Boston
Tea Party---British East India Company
monopoly on tea.
 British punishment- Coercive ActsIntolerable Acts
 (Port Bill / Government Bill / Justice Bill)
 Quebec Act- applies to Canada- upsets
colonies
 First Continental Congress- The Associationcomplete boycott on incoming and outgoing
goods.
 Lexington and Concord –April 1775
 Olive Branch Petition
 Second
Continental Congress appoints G.
Washington to lead army.
 Western NY- Ticonderoga captured by Ethan
Allen and Benedict Arnold
 Bunker Hill---Breeds Hill- no ammo
 General Gage- British- General Howe – British
 Thomas Paine- Common Sense
 Richard Henry Lee of Va. Introduces
independence resolution
Thomas Jefferson- uses ideas from Locke and
Montesquieu
 Natural rights Battle of Long Island
 Washington re-crosses the Delaware- attacks
Trenton—Princeton- captures the Hessiansmercenaries
 Saratoga- victory for Americans – General Gates
 French convinced of possibility of winningturning point of war
 Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne- defeated


 Valley
Forge- winter- Baron von Steubenharsh winter
 American-George Rogers Clark- battles in
Illinois
 American-Nathaneal Greene- southern
campaign
 Lord Cornwallis- British commander
surrenders at Yorktown with help of Admiral
de Grasse –Navy
 Rochambeau- French troops
 Marquis de Lafayette- rich nobleman Ben Franklin- emissary to France
 John
Paul Jones- fledgling American Navy
 Privateers- preyed on British commercial
shipping
 Benedict Arnold- traitor – tried to sell plans
to Fort West Point to British
 Treaty
of Paris- British give up land to
Mississippi- north to Canada- South to Florida
 (British turn Florida over to Spain)
 Articles
of Confederation- weak central
government- no taxation/ no control of
commerce
 *successes were the Land Act of 1785
(checkerboard)and the Northwest Ordinance
(political system for bringing new states in)
 SHAYS REBELLION- MOBOCRACY!
 Annapolis meeting- calls for bigger
convention in Philadelphia
 Philadelphia Convention- G. Washington is
chairman
 James
Madison – Father of Constitution “bundle of compromises”
 Representation- Virginia Plan- based on
population

New Jersey Plan- equal
representation

Great Compromise- 2
houses- Senate –equal House of
Representatives- by population
 3/5ths compromise- how to count slaves
 Slave importation will end in 20 years
3 branches---equal electoral college- defense
against the uneducated masses voting
 Federalists- supported= Madison/
Washington/Jay
 Anti-federalists- supporters of states rights- fear
of Constitution- demand a bill of rights

Ratification in New York- FEDERALIST PAPERSwritten by Madison / Hamilton / Jay- anonymous
– excellent explanation of constitution
 #10- Madison- no factions will gain power

Written by Madison
 1-8- rights of people/ freedoms/ rights of
accused
 He took ideas from George Mason’s Virginia
Declaration of Rights and Jefferson’s Virginia
Statute of Religious Freedom – no government
sanctioned or tax supported churches.
 9- rights of the people are more than just those
enumerated
 10- what ever power not given to federal
government- or prohibited- go to states or
people

 Washington
 Adams-
– president
VP
 Hamilton- Sec of Treasury
 Jefferson- Sec. of State
 Judiciary Act of 1789- sets up federal court
system
 Funding
at Par- pay back all debts at par w/
interest
 Assumption- fed. Govt. will pay state debts
from Revolution
 Must bribe Va. with the capital at D.C.
 Bank of U.S.
 Jefferson opposes –he takes strict
constructionist view of Constitution
 Hamilton uses “necessary and proper” clause
to justify-Article 1 sec. 8- loose
interpretation (implied powers)
 French
Revolution- Federalists appalled--Democratic Republicans (Jefferson’s
followers) support
 War between France and Britain- Washington
declares neutrality
 Citizen Edmund Genet tries to garner support
in US for France- Washington stops him
 American support for France or Britain
divides along party lines (Federalists support
Britain- money ties)
 Anti- Feds- France
 Jay’s
Treaty with Britain is repeat of what
was said at end of war- and not fulfilled
 Democratic Republicans treat Jay like a
traitor.
 Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain hailed as
success- letting US use Mississippi River.
 Washington’s farewell address- warns against
entangling alliances and political parties.
 Western
Pennsylvania- won’t pay excise tax
 Washington leads army to put down revolt
 Excessive use of power?
 Decided
in House of Representatives because
of no majority in Electoral College.
 John Adams wins- Federalist
 Problems with France- representatives to see
Talleyrand meet XYZ- refuse to pay!
 Quasi War with France in Caribbean
 Adams builds up army and navy- but then
agrees to send representative to see
Talleyrand. End up meeting with Napoleon.
 Convention of 188- ends Franco American
Alliance of 1778.
 Passed
under Adams- designed to benefit the
Federalist Party. Raises from 5-14 years the
time needed to become citizen.
 In response- Jefferson and Madison write the
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
 States should ignore a law that is wrong.
 Resolutions promote COMPACT THEORYcountry is made up of states that willingly
joined together- and can reject bad laws or
leave
 Resolutions
promote COMPACT THEORYcountry is made up of states that willingly
joined together- and can reject bad laws or
leave.
 COMPACT THEORY- the people- not the states
created the Union- federal law and
government is supreme
 States support compact theory- and will be
settled in case Marbury v. Madison.
 Adams
versus Jefferson
 Dirty campaign
 “peaceful transfer of power”
 “we are all federalists, we are all
republicans”- Jefferson
 Kept many Federalist policies like tariff and
bank
 Jefferson fought against the “Midnight
judges” appointed in Adams last days.
 Marbury v. Madison- judicial review
 Tried
to impeach justice Samuel Chasefailed
 Sent troops to fight the Pasha of Tripolipirate in North Africa
 Sent Monroe and Livingston to buy New
Orleans for 10 million dollars- bought all of
Louisiana for 15 million.
 Toussaint L’Overture- Santo Domingobecomes Haiti
 Jefferson must use loose construction to
justify.
 Orders
in Council- British- all American ships
must stop in British ports
 Milan Decrees- France will consider any ship
heading to Britain fair game to sink
 British IMPRESSMENT- man-stealing continued
 CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR- off the coast of
Virginia- nearly sunk by the Leopold- a British
ship
 Jefferson’s reaction? EMBARGO 0f 1807
 New England hates it
 Non-Intercourse
Act will be replaced by
Macon’s Bill #2
 War- against Britain
 War of 1812 Great Lakes- Battle of Lake Erie- Oliver
Hazard Perry- “We have met the enemy, and
they are ours.”
 D.C. is burned- Key writes the “Star Spangled
Banner” during battle of Fort McHenry.
 Hartford
Convention
 Semi-treason- list of demands
 TREATY of GHENT ends the war
 Two weeks later- BATTLE of NEW ORLEANS
 Andrew Jackson becomes a hero
 Hartford Convention reps. Show up in D.C. at
the same time as news of victory.
 SPELLS death for Federalist Party
 War
led to new nationalism
 Literature: James Fenimore Cooper/
Washington Irving
 Tariff of 1816- 1st protective tariff
 Second Bank of US
 Henry Clay- the American System
 Era
of Good Feelings
 Goodwill tour of country
 Federalist Party dead- only Democratic
Republicans
 Panic of 1819
 Cumberland Road/ National Road
 Erie Canal- Clinton’s Big Ditch
 Missouri Compromise- 1820- Maine =free
Missouri = slave…no slavery above the 36◦30’
 Tallmadge Amendment= gradual
emancipation--rejected
 Marbury
v. Madison =judicial review
 McCulloch v. Maryland= states can not tax
something owned by federal government
(bank)
 Cohens v. Virginia= lottery tickets
 Gibbons v. Ogden= Congress controls
interstate trade
 Flethcher v. Peck
 Dartmouth College v. Woodard
 All strengthened powers of federal govt.
 Treaty
of 1818- joint occupation of Oregon
 Florida Purchase 1819- Adams Onis Treaty
 MONROE DOCTRINE- 1823
 Foreign policy- telling rest of the world to
leave our hemisphere alone/ no new colonies
/ no monarchs
 Disputed
election
 1824- decided in House- claims of “corrupt
bargain” when Clay made Sec. of State
 Ineffective 4 years
 Tariff of Abominations- 1828 – angers the
South- but passed to make Adams look bad
 Andrew
Jackson- “hero of the common man”
 Kitchen cabinet- advisors
 Eaton Affair- Peggy Eaton Maysville Road veto- in favor of states rights
 Tariff of 1830- South angered
 John C. Calhoun- South Carolina Exposition
 Nullification crisis- South Carolina- Jackson
threatens force- Force Act
 Compromise Tariff of 1833
 Webster-Hayne Debate-
 Anti-Masonic
Party- 1st third party
 Denmark Vesey- slave revolt- harsh reprisals
 Spoils system increased- Jackson advocates
“rotation in office”
 Bank war- Nicholas Biddle- president
 Jackson kills the bank- divides money in “pet
banks”
 Will lead eventually to Panic of 1837
 Specie Circular- must pay hard cash for land
 1830-
Indian Removal Act
 Will lead to Trail of Tears- Cherokee
 Sequoyah- Cherokee alphabet (assimilation)
 Osceola leads the Seminole War in Florida
 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia- John Marshall
 Black Hawk War-in north
 Texas
Revolt- Steven Austin/ Sam Houston
 The Alamo- all died / San Jacinto-victory
 Texas becomes Lone Star Republic- 9 years
 Inherits
a bad economy
 Panic of 1837
 Divorce Bill
 Sets up the independent treasury
 Against
“King Andrew”
 Election of 1840
 Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
 Hoopla= Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign
 Harrison wins
 Longest inauguration speech and short 4
week term- Harrison dies and John Tyler
takes over. (Democrat in Whig’s clothing)
 Factories
begin- Samuel Slater
 Lowell Mills- hires farm girls
 Cyrus McCormick- McCormick Reaper
 Eli Whitney- cotton gin
 Robert Fulton- steamboat- The Clermont
 Samuel Morse- telegraph
 Pony
express- replaced by telegraph
 Clipper ships- replaced by steam ships
 Famine
Irish- potato famine- 1840s
 Molly Maguires- Irish Union
 Ancient Order of Hibernians- self help
 Tammany Hall- city “machine” in NYC- Irish
enter police/fire departments
 Irish become politically active- a voting block
 NATIVISM- disliked immigrants taking jobs
 “know nothings”- American Party of nativists
 German
immigrants- go farther west- buy
farms- tight knit communities
 Spawned
by the 2nd Great Awakening- Charles
Grandison Finney/ Peter Cartwright
 Dorothea Dix- prison/insane asylums
 Neal Dow- Maine- anti-alcohol
 Horace Mann- Massachusetts- education
 Noah Webster- standardized language
 Robert Owen- New Harmony
 Brook farm- intellectuals
 Oneida-free love
 Shakers- Mother Ann Lee
 Joseph
Smith- founder killed at Carthage.
Illinois
 Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah
 Polygamy is problem
 American
Temperance Society- anti-alcohol
 Republican
Motherhood- after Revolution
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
organize Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
 Declaration of Sentiments
 Cult of Domesticity will emerge mid-centurywomen’s role is in the home to create safe
and comfortable place- moral upbringing of
children
 Women will be involved in abolitionist
movement- but not allowed to have
leadership role
 Henry
Wadsworth LongfellowHiawatha/Midnight Ride of Paul Revere
 Knickerbocker group- Cooper/ Irving/Bryant
 Walt Whitman- “Leaves of Grass”
 TRANCENDENTALISTS- Emerson/Thoreau
 Art- Hudson River School- landscapes of
American scenes
 Audubon- birds
 Science- Louis Agassiz
 American
Colonization Society – send back to
Africa- (Liberia- Monrovia)
 William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator
 Harriet Beecher Stowe- “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
 Frederick Douglas – leading black
abolitionists
 Elijah P. Lovejoy- killed by mob
 Liberty Party
 Free Soil Party
 Gag resolution
 Vetoed
a new bank- twice
 Kicked out of party
 Aroostook War- Lumberjack War
 Webster-Ashburton Treaty
 (Rush Bagot Treaty had previously disarmed
the ships on the Great Lakes)
 Polk
– dark horse- expansionist
 54°40’ or Fight- Oregon
 All of Texas!
 Wanted
California- Mexico wouldn’t sell to
James Slidell
 Zachary Taylor sent to Texas- to “no man’s
land”- to start fight
 Taylor- hero of Buena Vista
 Stephen Kearney- Santa Fe
 John C. Fremont- California- Bear Flag revolt
 Winfield Scott- Mexico City
 Lincoln – “spot resolutions”
 Nicholas Trist- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 California
gold rush> wants to enter as a free
state> Compromise of 1850> by Henry Clay
 Kansas-Nebraska Act- Stephen A. Douglas- the
Little Giant- uses popular sovereignty in
these two new territories> leads to BLEEDING
KANSAS
 Republican Party is born
 Lecompton Constitution- rejected because of
Douglas
 Caning of Sumner
 Dred
Scott case- Court rules that Congress
should have never tried to limit slavery(right to private property)
 Lincoln Douglas debates- makes Lincoln a
national Republican figure.
 Douglas’s FREEPORT DOCTRINE- would mean
slavery would not happen if people did not
support it.
 John Brown- Harper’s Ferry- executed as a
martyr- South is angered.
 Lincoln-
Republican candidate- not on
Southern ballot
 Douglas- Northern Democrats
 Bell- Constitutional Union
 Breckenridge-Southern Democrats
 Lincoln wins- Southern States secede within
months
 Crittenden
Compromise- rejected by Lincoln