Sydney Taylen Cole Jessica Garrett,
Obtaining Food
 Filter Feeders – filter feeders catch algae and small
animals by using modified gills as nets to filter food
items out of the water.
 Detritivores- feed on detritus often obtaining extra
nutrients from the bacteria, algae and other
microorganisms that grow on and around it.
**Detritus- made up of decaying bits of plant and
animal material.**
 Carnivores – eating other animals.
 Herbivores- eating plants or parts of plants.
 Nutritional Symbionts- * Symbiosis- the dependency
of one species on another. Many animals rely upon
symbiosis for their nutritional need. *
1) parasitic symbionts- parasites live within or on a
host organism where they feed on tissues or blood and
other body fluids.
2) mutualistic symnionts- both participants benefit.
Teah, Angela, Megan, Brandon
Characteristics All Animals Have
 Gas diffusion & membranes
 Requirements for repertory systems
 One can actively pump carbon dioxide across
membranes.
Respiratory Surfaces of Aquatic
Animals
 Rely on diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
through their outer body covering
 Exchange gasses through gills
 Have capillaries(inside gills) pump water out gills
Respiratory Surfaces of Terrestrial
Animals
 They have to keep their respiratory membranes moist
in dry environments
 They include skin, mantel cavities, book lungs, and
tracheal tubes
Respiratory Surfaces In Land
Invertebrates
 Skin, mantel cavities, book lungs, tracheal tubes
 Different strategies
 Earthworms, snails
Lung Structure in Vertebrates
 Lungs
 Breathing adaptions
 Inhale oxygen through trachea exhale through
capillaries but release carbon dioxide
Open Circulatory System.
 Blood is only partially contained within a system of
blood vessels as it travels through the body
 One or more hearts pump blood through vessels that
empty into a system of sinuses
• Closed Circulatory System
-Blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend
throughout the body
-A heart forces blood through vessels and nutrients reach
body tissues by diffusing across capillaries
• Single-Loop Circulation
-A single pump that forces blood around the
body in one direction
-The ventricle pumps blood out of the heart
-(fish)
• Double-Loop Circulation
-Uses lungs for respiration
-Double-loop. Two pump circulatory system
-(Mammals)
 Mammalian Heart- Chamber Evolution
 Four chambered hearts
 Found in modern animals
- Goes in one side, out the other
By: Nick Androsky Katelyn Stebner
Erkia Wakefeild
Zachary Farmakes
How do animals manage toxic
nitrogenous waste?
 Store it until they can do one of the following
 Eliminate ammonia from the body quickly
 Convert the nitrogenous into other less toxic
compounds
How do aquatic animals eliminate
wastes?
 Salt Water Fish : Lose water through osmosis and salt
diffuses into them – Little concentrated urine
 Fresh Water Fish : - Water goes in through osmosis,
salt diffuses out
How do land animals remove
waste while conserving water?
Invertebrates - Produce urine in nephridia, convert
ammonia into uric acid
Vertebrates – mammals and land amphibians convert
ammonia into urea, most reptiles and birds ammonia is
converted into uric acid