UNIT TWO: The Cell
Chapter 8 Title: ____________________________________________________
Introduction:
What do you think of when you hear the word energy?
What are some forms of energy?
What are some examples of energy conversions?
BIG IDEA: ______________________________ converts the _____________ energy into _________________________ energy,
while _________________________ _________________________ uses _____________________ energy to carry out
__________________________ functions.
Section 8.1 Title: ________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: All ______________________ ___________________________ use ____________________________ to carry out
all _____________________________________ ________________________________________
Define Vocabulary
trophic level –
thermodynamics –
metabolism –
photosynthesis
cellular respiration –
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) –
A. Transformation of Energy
1. What comes to mind when you changes in energy?
2. ______________________________ are assembled and ____________________ _____________________, substances
are ________________________________ across ___________ ___________________________, and _____________________
instructions are ______________________________________.
3. All of these cellular activities require ____________________________, the ability to _______ ________________.
4. __________________________________ the study of the ____________ and ________________________________ of
energy in the __________________________.
5. LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
a. 1st Law – the law of conservation of ____________________________, which states that energy can be
_____________________ from one _________________ to another, but it cannot be ___________________
nor _____________________________.
***Now list two examples:
1.
2.
b. 2nd Law – states that ________________ cannot be __________________ without the loss of ___________
energy. “Lost” energy equals _____________________ energy. “entropy increases”
Define entropy –
6. AUOTROPHS AND HETEROTROPHS
Nearly all energy comes from the ______________ .
___________________________________ are ________________________ that make their own food.
ex. 1.________________________ use _________________ substances like _____________________ __________________
as a source of energy
ex. 2. ______________________________ convert energy from the Sun. (plants – light to chemical)
___________________________________ are organisms that need to ingest ___________ to obtain _____________.
Two examples are _______________________ and ____________________________________.
B. METABOLISM
All the chemical ________________________ in a ______________ are referred to as metabolism.
Define metabolic pathway –
Catabolic pathway –
Anabolic pathway –
Photosynthesis is the _______________________ _______________________ in which ______________ energy from
the _________ is converted to _________________ energy for use by the _______________.
In photosynthesis, autotrophs use ______________ ________________, __________________ ____________________ ,
and __________________ to form __________________________ and ___________________________ .
Cellular respiration is the ____________________ _________________________ in which organic molecules
are ____________________ _________________to release energy for use by the cell.
In cellular respiration, ___________________ is used to break down _______________ _____________________,
resulting in the production of ________________________ __________________________ and __________________.
***NOTICE THAT THE PRODUCTS OF ONE REACTION ARE THE REACTANTS FOR THE
OTHER – creates a cycle
C. ATP: THE UNIT OF CELLULAR ENERGY
____________________ ________________________ -_________ most important biological molecule that
provides chemical energy.
ATP Structure – a nucleotide made of an ____________________ base, a _________________ sugar, and
_____________ ____________________ groups.
ATP Function – ATP releases _______________ when the _________ between the ____________ and _______
phosphate group is broken, forming a molecule called ____________________ _______________ (_______)
NOW PLEASE DRAW and LABEL Figure 8.4 p 221
Section 8.2 Title: ____________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: ______________________ energy is trapped and __________________________ into ________________________
energy during __________________________________________.
Define Vocabulary
carbohydrate –
photo –
synthesis thylakoid –
granum –
stroma –
pigment –
NADP+ Calvin cycle –
rubisco –
Introduction
1. What is the benefit of photosynthesis for humans?
2. How does photosynthesis benefit plants?
3. Do air, soil, water, or minerals provide energy for photosynthesis?
A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Overview of Photosynthesis
Most autotrophs – including ____________________ - make _____________________ compounds such as
__________________________ by a process called _______________________________________.
WRITE THE OVERALL CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS BELOW
2. Photosynthesis occurs in __________ phases.
a. In phase one – the ________________-_________________________ reactions, __________________ energy is
____________________________ and then ___________________________ into ______________________ energy in
the form of ______________ and _______________________ .
b. In phase two – the ________________ - __________________________ reactions, the ________ and __________
that were formed on phase one are used to make _____________________ .
NOW DRAW, COLOR AND LABEL FIG 8.5 P 222
B. PHASE ONE: LIGHT REACTIONS
Recall: Name the two storage molecules _________________ and _____________
1. Chloroplasts – large __________________ that capture ___________________ energy.
a. found in the ________________ of ____________________.
b. ____________-shaped organelles containing ________ main compartments
1. _________________________ flattened saclike membranes arranged in stacks called ____________
(light-dependent reactions take place here – phase one)
2. _________________________ fluid -filled space outside the grana
(light-independent reactions take place here – phase two)
2. Pigments - ________________-absorbing __________________ molecules found in the __________________
membranes of ____________________________ .
a. ___________________________ are the major light- absorbing _______________________ in plants.
b. Two types of chlorophyll _________________ and __________________.
c. Accessory pigments called _______________________ produce color of carrots and sweet potatoes.
3. Electron Transport – Read Each Step Carefully and Underline Important Words
a. The chlorophylls and carotenoids are grouped together in clusters (called photosystems) on
the thylakoid membrane.
b. Photosynthesis begins when the pigments of photosystem II absorb light.
c. Electrons (e-) within the pigments absorb the energy from light, and are then passed on to the
electron transport chain.
d. All of the high energy electrons (e-) move through the electron transport chain from
photosystem II to photosystem I.
e. The energy from these electrons is used to move H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoids
f. Photosystem I absorbs more sunlight and uses this energy to reenergize the electrons.
g. A molecule called NADP+ picks up these electrons and becomes NADPH.
h. As a result of the splitting water molecules and the movement of other H+ ions, the inside of
the thylakoids becomes positively charged. This creates enough energy to form ATP.
i. H+ ions cannot move across the membrane on their own, but by using a molecule called ATP
synthase
k. As H+ ions move through ATP synthase, ADP is converted into ATP.
NOW DRAW, COLOR AND LABEL FIG 8.8 P 225
Chemiosmosis – the mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of
electrons down a concentration gradient
A. PHASE TWO: THE CALVIN CYCLE
1. NADPH and ATP are not _____________ enough to store ________________ __________________ for long
2. Calvin Cycle - ________________ phase of ___________________________________; in which energy is
stored in ____________________________. Also known as the ____________ - ____________________ reaction.
Four Steps of the Calvin Cycle
a. First Step - Carbon Fixation – the joining of ____________ ______________ with other _____________
molecules. Six CO2 molecules combine with six 5-carbon compounds to form twelve 3carbon molecules called 3-PGA.
b. Second Step (reduction) – chemical energy stored in _________ and ______________ is transferred
to the ___ - ________ to form high energy molecules called( ____________________ ___ _______________) G3P.
c. Third Step– Two _______ molecules leave the _________ to be used for the productions of
_________________ and other organic compounds.
d. Final Step (Regeneration of RuBP) – an enzyme called _____________ converts the remaining
ten _______ molecules into 5-carbon molecules called ____________.These molecules combine
with new _______________ _________________ to continue the cycle.
NOW DRAW, COLOR, AND LABEL FIG 8.9 P 226
Section 8.3 Title: ____________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Living organisms obtain
during
by
organic molecules
.
Define Vocabulary
Anaerobic process –
Aerobic respiration –
Aerobic process –
Glycolysis –
Krebs Cycle –
Fermentation Introduction
1. Is the air the same as the oxygen?
2. How is air different from oxygen?
3. What other cycles have you learned about in science?
C. Cellular Respiration
1. Organisms obtain energy in a process called
.
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION BELOW
2. The function of cellular respiration is to harvest
from
compounds, such as
, and use that energy to make ATP.
3. Cellular Respiration occurs in two main parts:
a.
b.
- is an anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm
- is the series of reaction in which
is broken down into
.
D. Glycolysis
1. ____________________ is the process by which __________________ is broken down in the ________________.
Glycolysis – Read Each Step Carefully and Underline Important Words
a. 2 phosphate groups are joined to glucose (the 2 Phosphate groups are derived from 2
molecules of ATP)
b. The 6-Carbon molecule of Glucose is broken into two 3-Carbon compounds
c. Two Phosphate groups are added and electrons and hydrogen ions (H+) combine with
two NAD+ molecules to form NADH molecules
i. Keep in mind that NAD+ is an electron carrier that is similar to NADP (an electron
carrier used during photosynthesis)
d. The two 3-Carbon compounds are converted into two molecules of pyruvate
i. At the same time 4 molecules of ATP are produced
2. Draw and label Figure 8.12 on page 229 in the space provided.
3. Two molecules of
and two molecules of
are formed for each molecule of
glucose that is broken down.
4. Two molecules of
are required to start the reactions that will produce energy for the
cell.
E. Krebs Cycle
1. The Krebs Cycle is also know as the
(TCA) Cycle or the
.
2. Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the
3. When oxygen is present, pyruvate is transported into the
4. Draw Figure 8.13 on page 230 in the space provided.
.
.
Before the Krebs Cycle , pyruvate first reacts with
intermediate called
released.
(
) to form a 2-Carbon
. At the same time NAD+ is converted to NADH and carbon dioxide is
then moves to the mitochondria matrix. 2 CO2 and 2NADH are produced.
Krebs Cycle – Read Each Step Carefully and Underline Important Words
a. Begins with acetyle CoA combining with a 4-Carbon compound to form a 6 – Carbon
compound known as citric acid
b. Citric acid is then broken down in the next series of steps, releasing 2 molecules of
carbon dioxide and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. FAD is another
electron carrier similar to NAD+ and NADP+
c. Acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues.
1. Two molecules of pyruvate are formed during glycolysis. This means that there are
“turns” of the Krebs Cycle for each glucose molecule.
Electron Transport – Read Each Step Carefully and Underline Important Words
a. Electron transport is the final step in the breakdown of glucose.
b. Point where most ATP is produced
c. Electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 produced in Krebs Cycle are used
to convert ADP to ATP.
d. Electrons move along mitochondrial membrane from one protein to another.
e. H+ ions are pumped into the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
f. Those H+ ions then diffuse through ATP synthase into the mitochondrial matrix. This
process converts ADP to ATP in a process called chemiosmosis
Similarities and differences in Electron Transport in Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
2. Some prokaryotes undergo aerobic respiration, but because they do not have mitochondria,
they use the
as the location of the electron transport.
Anaerobic Respiration
1. Some prokaryotes are
, they grow and reproduce without oxygen.
2. In these cases, cells continue to produce ATP through
3. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis is
.
, or
.
4. There are two types of fermentation:
a.
fermentation – enzymes convert the pyruvate made in
to lactic acid
Example:
b.
fermentation – anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to
and
Example of organisms in which this type of fermentation happens:
1.
2.
How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related? Draw and label figure 8.16 on pg 233 in
the space provided.