Warm-Up – 23.Sept.2014
You have 4 minutes after the tardy bell to complete the warmup. You have 2 minutes after that to check your. Questions
based on Monday’s notes.
Answers
Questions
(1) England & France; France
(1) The Hundred Years
(2) Civil War (b/w Houses of York
War was between ___
& Lancaster)
& ___. Who won?
(3) - Killed over 1/3 of the
(2) The War of Roses was
population
what type of war?
- Anti-Semitism & ppl. start to
(3) How did the Plague
question the church
effect Europe? (3
- Beginning of the end of the
reasons)
manorial system
ROLE OF THE CHURCH
System of Organization
• Christianity had become the main religion of the Roman
Empire
– Spread to other parts of Europe
– Christianity appealed to many during the medieval times
since many people’s lives were filled with suffering and
hardship and Christianity offered them the promise of a
happy afterlife
• The Church developed a system of organization
– Priest was the head of a local community called a parish
– Bishop – in charge of a group of parishes, area of authority
called a bishopric or dioceses
– Archbishop – watches over a group of bishoprics
– The pope was the head of the entire Roman Catholic
Church – formerly the Bishop of Rome
– Monk – a man who separates himself from everyday
life to dedicate himself entirely to God, lives in a
monastery run by an abbot
• Spent lots of time in prayer and physical labor,
took a vow of poverty
• Monks worked to spread Christianity throughout
Europe
–Called missionaries = people sent out to carry a
religious message
– Women who dedicated themselves to God were
called nuns and lived in convents
• Pope Innocent III strengthened papal power and believed that
the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs
– Used the interdict to exercise his powers
• An interdict forbids priests to give the sacraments
(Christian rites) to a particular group of people
– A pope used an interdict against a country whose ruler has
disobeyed him
– People under interdiction lost the comforts and blessings of
religion
– They exerted pressure on their ruler to follow the pope’s
wishes
– Could also excommunicate people = to cast out of the
Church
Heresy and The Inquisition
• Heresy = denial of basic Church doctrines, or beliefs that
opposed the official teachings of the Church
– People who committed heresy were called heretics and were
usually burned at the stake
• The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic Church to
find and try heretics
– Used torture and heretics who converted to Catholicism
were freed, while others were killed
– The Spanish Inquisition was the most brutal and was still
operating in the 1800s
• The two groups it went after most were Jews & Muslims
Decline of Church Power
• Over time Popes became corrupt and used their position for
wealth and power
• The Great Schism divided Europe religiously and damaged the
reputation of the Church
– This was when there were two popes, both claiming power
The Crusades
• From the 11th to 13th centuries, European Christians went
on the Crusades
– The Crusades were a series of military campaigns to
regain the Holy Land from the Muslims who were
known as infidels (non-believers)
– The goal of each Crusade was to take Jerusalem and
the surrounding area away from the Muslims
• Many Christians believed that Jesus would only
come again once Christians held Jerusalem
• The Muslims also considered Jerusalem holy
• The First Crusade started when Muslim Turks attacked the
Byzantine Empire
– The Byzantine Emperor asked for help and Pope Urban
II responded by urging Christians to take up arms in a
holy war (1095)
• Slogan: “God wills it!”
– Two groups set out for the Crusade
• Peasant Crusaders – slaughtered entire Jewish
communities on the way to Jerusalem
–Most died quickly when they did reach the Holy
Land
• Trained knights – even they were still unprepared for
the hardship
– Three years after heading out, the Crusaders finally
reached Jerusalem
• Captured Jerusalem & killed most of its inhabitants
– Set up four Latin Crusader states that were
surrounded by Muslims and were intended to be
strongholds against future Muslim aggression
• Second Crusade
– A few years later the Muslims began to recapture
lands
– The Second Crusade is organized after one of the
Latin Crusader states falls to the Muslims
– It was a complete failure – took no lands from
Muslims
• Third Crusade
– A new leader emerges among the Muslims – Salah adDin, whom the Europeans call Saladin
• His goal was to recapture the Holy Land
• In 1187 he captured Jerusalem
– Due to this, the Third Crusade is launched and several
monarchs set out for the Holy Land
• Only Richard made it to and fought in the Holy Land
– King Richard and Saladin fought fiercely against each
other and although Richard won several battles, he was
not able to take Jerusalem
– Richard instead negotiates an agreement with Saladin
for Christian pilgrims to be allowed to go into
Jerusalem and he returns home
• Children’s Crusade
– Nicholas of Cologne brings thousands of children to
the pope, saying that God has inspired him to lead
the children to the Holy Land
• The pope sends them home
– At the same time, seven ships carrying 20,000 French
children sails for the Holy Land
• Two ships sink and the other five ships reach
North Africa, where the rest of the children were
sold into slavery
• Effects of the Crusades
– There were nine Crusades launched from 1096 to 1291 –
the First Crusade was the only successful one
– The Crusades increased trade and some Italian cities
benefited economically
– Lots of money and manpower spent on the Crusades
– Led to the deaths of many knights and nobles
• Kings gained power as they took over unoccupied lands
– Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe
– Began to view all non-Christians as enemies
• Undertaking holy wars against Muslims while the
“murderers of Christ” ran free at home
• Massacres of Jews became a feature of medieval
European life, anti-Semitism increases
• Anti-Semitism = hostility towards Jews
– Breeds centuries of mistrust between Christians & Muslims
Crusade
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Children’s
Reason For
People Involved
Result
Revival and Growth of Trade
• After the Crusades trade began to grow
• Most of the early trading cities were found in Italy, with
Venice being the most important
– Other Italian cities, wanting to get wealthy, created their
own trade routes
• Trade in the north was dominated by the Hanseatic League
– Group of northern German cities and towns that worked
together to promote and protect trade
• Trade encouraged people to use money again
– Before, workers had been paid with goods
– This led to some merchants allowing their customers to
buy goods on credit
• Credit = the promise of later payment
– This also led to the creation of Europe’s first banks
Medieval Trade
• In the 12th century, craftspeople organized into business
associations called guilds that played a leading role in
urban economics
– The primary functions of a guild was to restrict
competition
– Craft guilds set quality standards, specified methods of
production, fixed the price of the finished product, and
determined who could enter the guild
• A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an
apprentice to a master craftsperson around the age of 8
– They received room and board, but no pay
– After 5 to 7 years, apprentices became a journeyman
who worked for pay for other masters
– To become a master, they had to produce a
masterpiece which the guild would judge