• Breuer and Freud:
• Freudian Theory
–
–
–
Ego
id
• ID
–
–
–
• ID
• EGO
– Reality Principle
–
–
• SUPEREGO
–
–
• Ego’s Battles
• Keep Id in Check via:
–
–
–
–
• ORAL STAGE (Birth-18 Months)
• ANAL STAGE (18 Months-3 Years)
• PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 Years)
– Odeipus and Electra Complexes
• LATENCY PERIOD
• GENITAL STAGE (Puberty)
• EGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGY
– Anna Freud
• OBJECT RELATIONS
– Klein and Kernberg
• JUNG AND ADLER
Contributions of Freud’s Theories
•
Focus on the individual’s inner workings. He tapped into our complexities
by identifying our competing and conflicting thoughts and emotions
created & popularized therapy
•
defense mechanisms prompted thought about how anxiety is controlled on a
conscious level
•
made us think about how children develop:
•
posited the existence of the unconscious….evidence:
– Subliminal perception
– Implicit memory (vs explicit, consciously recalled material)
– Dissociative phenomena
– Automatic Processes
Limitations of Freud’s Theories
• • Concepts too subjective and unscientific, cannot be objectively measured
and validated.
• Skewed clinical sample, not representative of all HUMANITY, as his ideas
were thought to be
/ relied heavily on early childhood reports but saw no children
/ personality dev’t theory is highly implausible and impossible to verify
/ guilty of forcing seduction scenarios onto his patients? Patients often didn’t
accept his interpretations
/Whatever pts. said, Freud interpreted to fit his current theory
• Psychoanalytic theory and therapy
______________________________________________________________
• PERSON-CENTERD THERAPY
–
–
–
–
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
– Pavlov & Watson
– Contemporary Views
• OPERANT CONDITIONING
– Skinner and Behavior Analysis
Behavior
Environment
Emotion
Cognition
Biology
• Rejection of Psychoanalysis
• Wolpe and Behavior Therapy
– Systematic Desensitization
• Later Hybrids
COGNITIVE EMOTIVE
INSIGHTS
"People are not upset by things but by their idea of things."
Epictetus
"Our life is what our thoughts make it."
Marcus Aurelius
"There is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so."
Shakespeare
"The mind is its own place and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
or hell of heaven."
Milton
"The ancestor of every action is a thought - a man is what he thinks
about all day long."
Emerson
COGNITIVE EMOTIVE
INSIGHTS
“Man is the inventor of his own happiness.”
Thoreau
"Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be."
Lincoln
"You are not what you think you are, but what you think, you are."
Norman Vincent Peale
"My life has been filled with terrible misfortunes, most of which never
happened."
Mark Twain
“A person’s behavior springs from his/her ideas.”
Alfred Adler
• Lack of Social Support
– Depression and Suicide
– Illness and Suppressed Immune Function
– Variety of Other Disorders
• Increasing Social Support Helps
-
Social
Influences
Biological
Influences
Behavioral
Influences
Cognitive & Emotional
Influences
• Abnormal Behavior is a Disease
• Treat the Disease, Cure the Problem
– 1930s: _________________________
– 1950s: _________________________
– 1970s: _________________________
• Abnormal Behavior is a Disease
• Problem is Biological (Brain), not
Psychological
• More Pharmacologic Remedies
• Language of Medicine
• No Single Gene
• 50% Contribution
We Inherit Predispositions, not Psychological Disorders
• Diathesis-Stress Model
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
• Diathesis-Stress Model
• Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model
– Genes Lead us to Take Risks
–
–
• Family Studies
– Index Cases or “Probands”
• Pedigree Studies
____________________
• Twin Studies
– ___________________________
• Adoption Studies
– More Compelling Approach
Neuroscience
Perspective
• NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
– Brain
– Spinal Cord
Neuroscience
Perspective
• Central Nervous System
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
– Autonomic System
• _________________________
• _________________________
– Somatic System

Agonists
– Increase Activity of a Neurotransmitter

Antagonists
– Decrease or Block a Neurotransmitter

Inverse Agonists
– Produce Effects Opposite the Neurotransmitter


Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Serotonin


Dopamine
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
• Major
Neurotransmitters
in Psychopathology

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
– Helps regulate emotion & arousal states
– Alpha and Beta Andrenergic Receptors
– Beta Blockers

Serotonin
– Regulates Thought, Emotion, and
Behavior
– Low levels: Impulsivity,
Aggression, Suicide, Overeating
– SSRI Drugs - Prozac
– 15+ different receptors

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Dopamine
–
–
–
–
Exploratory, Pleasure-Seeking
L-DOPA (Dopamine Agonist)
Parkinson’s Disease (too little)
Schizophrenia (too much)

Serotonin

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

GABA
– Reduces Overall Arousal and
Emotion (inhibitory)
– Valium, Librium, Xanax Make
More GABA Available
– Anxiety and Stress

Dopamine

Serotonin

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Where Does a Psychological
Approach to
Abnormal Behavior Fit?
Interaction of Psychosocial
Factors and Brain Function
• Rhesus monkeys, control, and GABA
• Rats in complex environments vs. “couch
potatoes”:
______________________________
• The battle of crayfish and serotonin levels
• One-Dimensional Models
ONE CAUSE
 Multidimensional
DISORDER
Models
MANY CAUSES
• Many Paths to a Given Problem
– Principle of Equifinality
Social
Factors
Age and
Development
Genes and
Biology
Cogniton,
Emotion, and
Behavior
Perspective:
The Blind Men
and the
Elephant
Social
Factors
Age and
Development
Genes and
Biology
Cogniton,
Emotion, and
Behavior