The Brain
Depolarization: positive ions, more likely action potential
Hyperpolarization.: negative ions, less likely
(Types Of) Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals that bind to receptor sites
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Reabsorbed into sending neurons through process of reuptake
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Parkinson’s
Impact/influence receiving neuron
Applies brake on neurotransmitter’s action
Serotonin pathways - involved w mood regulation
Dopamine pathways - involved w diseases such as schizophrenia &
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Neurotransmitter
Malfunctions
Function
Examples of
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
Muscle action,
Deterioration: Alzheimer’s
learning & memory
Dopamine
Influences movement,
Excess linked to schizophrenia,
learning, attention, &
too little - Parkinson’s
emotion
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger,
Too little - depression
sleep & arousal
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness,
Too little - depress mood
arousal
GABA
Glutamate
seizures
Major inhibitor
Major excitatory,
involved in memory
Too little - seizures, tremors,
insomnia
Too much, migraines or
(like with MSG)
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Glands
Pituitary
Ctrls all other glands
Water, salt water balance
Thyroid (& para-)
Metabolism & calcium rate
Adrenal
freaking out (epinephrene, norepinephrine)
salt & carbohydrate metabolism
Gonads
development and regulation of sex organs
Endocrine System
slow chemical communication system
hormones synthesized by endocrine glands, are secreted into blood stream
affect brain & other body tissues
regulated by the hypothalamus