Chapter 9 Notes
1. Benito Mussolini - “IL Duce”, the fascist dictator of Italy in WWII.
2. Joseph Stalin - Brutal communist dictator of the USSR from the 1920s to 1950s.
3. Adolf Hitler - the “Fuhrer” or leader of the fascist Nazi party of Germany in WWII.
4. Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact - Agreement between Germany and the USSR that allowed the invasion of Poland
that began WWII.
5. Winston Churchill - Prime-Minister who was the leader of British resistance to Nazi aggression through most of the
war.
6. Battle of Britain - the air battle involving massive air battles as the Nazis tried to end British resistance through
bombings.
7. Neutrality Acts of 1935 & 1937 - Acts that outlawed trade with any nation at war in an attempt to keep the U.S. out
of the war.
8. Quarantine Speech - Famous speech by FDR in which he called for economic sanctions against Japan.
9. Cash and Carry - Policy that allowed U.S. companies to sell non military supplies to countries at war if those
countries provided the transportation.
10. America First Committee - Organization that promoted strict isolationism and opposed all aid to the Allies at the
beginning of the war.
11. Four Freedoms Speech - FDR proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought
to enjoy:
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Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom of worship
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
12. Lend-Lease Act - Act that authorized FDR to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to U.S. security.
13. Atlantic Charter - policy statement that defined the Allied goals for the post-war world and set the stage for the
creation of the United Nations.
14. Pearl Harbor - surprise attack by Japan on U.S. forces in Hawaii that brought the U.S. into World War II.
15. Bataan Death March - the brutal forced march of American and Filipino P.O.W.’s that resulted in thousands of
deaths due to abuse, neglect, and murder at the hands of the Japanese
16. Reconstruction Finance Corporation - Government agency that provided loans to factories so that they could
convert to war production.
17. Office of War Mobilization - Government agency that coordinated all government agencies involved in shifting the
country from a peacetime to a wartime economy and coordinating the war effort during World War II.
18. War Production Board - Government agency that set production priorities and goals and controlled distribution of
raw materials and supplies to factories during the war.
19. Office of Price Administration - Government organization that controlled prices and wages during the war.
20. Rosie the Riveter - Image used in a propaganda campaign to encourage women to work in factories during the
war.
21. A. Philip Randolph - Civil rights and labor movement leader who prompted FDR to issue Executive Order 8802 that
ended discrimination in the defense industries during WWII.
22. Korematsu v. U.S. - Court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the internment of Japanese-Americans was
based on national security and not race.
23. Louisiana Maneuvers - series of military exercises designed to evaluate US troop training, logistics, doctrine, and
commanders held in Louisiana in1941.
24. Selective Service & Training Act - The first peacetime draft for military service that was put into place at the
beginning of the war.
25. Double V Campaign - Campaign by Black Leaders to support the war effort in order to defeat Hitler’s racism
abroad and American racism at home.
26. Tuskegee Airmen - Black fighter pilots that fought during WWII.