Anatomy and Physiology

 Blood – (only) liquid connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix called plasma.
 Total blood volume for avg. adult female
= 4 to 5 liters and avg. adult male = 5 to 6
L
 Blood makes up about 8% of total body weight

 Transports oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones
 Transports CO2 and waste products away from tissue
 Maintains body temperature
 Maintains body fluids

 Oxygen enters blood in the lungs and CO2 enters blood from tissues.
 45% of the volume of blood consist of
RBC (a.k.a erythrocytes)
 <1% consists of
WBC (leukocytes) and cell fragments called platelets
(thrombocytes)
 55% of volume is plasma (liquid portion)

 Blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of RBC.
 Antigens are microscopic molecules
 Antibodies will bind to the antigens resulting in agglutination or hemolysis or
RBC.
 Agglutination – clumping of RBC
 Hemolysis – rupture of RBC

 Blood is categorized by the ABO Blood group system
 ABO antigens appear on the surface of
RBC

 Type A Blood – A antigen
 Type B Blood – B antigen
 Type AB Blood – A and B antigen
 Type O Blood – does not have A or B

 Type A – ~ 41%
 Type B – ~ 10%
 Type AB – ~ 4%
 Type O – ~ 45%
 Rh+ - 85%
 Rh- - 15%

 Type A Blood – B antibodies
 Type B Blood – A antibodies
 Type AB Blood – does not have A or B
 Type O Blood – has A and B
 Mismatching Blood groups can result in transfusion reaction.

 Another blood group that was first studied in the Rhesus monkey.
 Rh+ - Rh antigens on RBC
 Rh- - Rh antigens are not present
 Can cause a problem in pregnancy if mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+
 Mother will make antibodies against the baby
 Prevention – mother gets shot of Rho immune globulin

 Transfusion – transfer of blood
 Donor – person who gives blood
 Recipient – person who receives blood
 Universal Donor – Type O Blood
 Universal Recipient – Type AB Blood

 Made up of 90% H
2
O
 Other 10% is made up of: electrolytes, hormones, proteins, and various metabolic waste.
 Albumin- liver produced protein found in plasma. Functions include: keeps water in bloodstream, help stop blood loss when blood vessels are damaged.

 Disc shaped
 Live ~ 120 days in males and 110 days in females
 Transport oxygen and remove CO2
 Contain hemoglobin
 Biconcave disc (flattened disc with depressed center)- provide large surface area for transportation of gases.

 Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is bright red in color

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Hemoglobin that is without oxygen is darker red
~2/3 of body’s iron is found in hemoglobin
Lack nucleus( can’t undergo mitosis)
 Lack mitochondria
(can’t use oxygen to create energy)

 CBC – complete blood count
 Analysis of RBC, hemoglobin, and WBC
 RBC – male – 4.6 to 6.2 million/mm3
 Female – 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm3
 WBC – 5000 – 9000/mm3

 Determined amount of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood
 Male – 14 to 18 grams/100mL
 Female – 12 to 16 grams/100mL
 Low hemoglobin – anemia – low RBC

 A decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
 Causes: Blood loss (Injury or menstrual cycle), bacterial infections, lack of Vitamin B
12
, medicine side effects, lack of iron in diet (red meat, certain beans, wheat and green vegetables), or disorders.
 Symptoms: fatigue, pale skin, headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, or cold hands and feet.

 Blood cells shaped like a crescent moon which causes anemia and sluggish blood flow which impairs circulation (oxygen delivery).
 Blood cells shape causes them to block small blood vessels which causes extreme pain/discomfort.
 Occurs in people of African descent. Shape of
RBC does not allow the Malaria parasite to reproduce in the body.

Sickle Cell

Blocked Blood Vessel

 ~2.5 million RBC are destroyed every second
 New RBC are produced as quickly as they are destroyed
 Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell production
 Low blood oxygen level will cause RBC production
 Blood cells are formed in red marrow in bones
 Jaundice – liver can’t rid the blood of hemoglobin byproducts in blood causing a yellow skin color

 Red Marrow – found in spongy bone and forms WBC, RBC, and platelets
 Yellow Marrow – composed of fat and is not capable of blood cell formation
 Adult blood formation occurs in humerus, femur, cranium, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae

 White blood cells
 Whitish color because they lack hemoglobin
 Larger than RBC
 Far less numerous than RBC
 Have a nucleus
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Protects against microorganisms
If person’s WBC count is high infection

 Granulocytes – contain large cytoplasmic granules
 Agranulocytes – contain small granules


– most common type
 Remains is blood ~ 10-12 hours
Dead cell debris forms pus at site of infection
Function - Active phagocytes, increase during times of acute infection.
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
– release chemicals that reduce inflammation
Functionkill parasitic worms, increase during allergic reactions.

 3.Basophils – help regulate inflammatory response
 Release histamine = promotes inflammation
 Histamines are vasodilators, which increase blood flow to area.
 Inflammation is a result of increased blood flow and accumulation of cells in area that is healing/fighting microorganisms.

 1.Lymphocytes – smallest of WBC
 Plays important role in body’s immune system
 Produces antibodies
 Important in fighting tumors and viruses.
 2.Monocytes – largest
WBC
 After they leave the blood and into the tissue
– they become macrophages
 Macrophages – destroy bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
 Increase during chronic infections

 Thrombocytes – minute fragments of cells
 Produced in red marrow
 Prevent blood loss by causing blood clotting
 ~ 300,000 per mm 3

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Blood vessels
Blood clot – thrombus constrict in
 Embolus – detached response to injury, clot resulting in decreased blood
 A heart attack can flow.
occur from blockage of blood vessels that
A platelet plug is supply blood to heart produced to seal
 Aspirin can be given off the wound to break down the
Serotonin is clot released to cause the blood vessels to constrict.